[EM] No. Condorcet and Hare do not share the same problem with computational complexity and process transparency.

[Michael Garman]

You keep crying about “fraud” without producing a shred of evidence for
your claims. What, exactly, are the “lies,” and how can you prove that
there is intent to deceive behind these alleged “lies”?

You keep twisting yourself into knots in order to justify opposing a reform
that, while imperfect, represents a step forward. Your ideal system isn’t
on the ballot — this one is. You can’t call yourself a reformer and
encourage people to vote against reform.

On Wed, Mar 20, 2024 at 8:42 AM Michael Ossipoff <email9648742 at gmail.com>
wrote:

>
>
> On Tue, Mar 19, 2024 at 23:32 Michael Garman <
> michael.garman at rankthevote.us> wrote:
>
>> Ah yes, Oregon and Nevada should vote to keep an inferior system, because
>> Michael Ossipoff on the Internet can’t handle not getting exactly what he
>> wants and believes in letting the perfect be the enemy of the good. Shame
>> on you.
>>
>
> Evidently Michael Garman thinks that fraud is good.
>
> Hare is questionable, but might be okay….if people know what they’re
> getting when they enact it.
>
> .., unlikely when someone is getting it enacted by lying about what it is
> & will do.
>
> I’ve repeatedly asked the “RCV” organizations to choose honesty. But no,
> not if that might reduce the chances of enactment.
>
> That’s called lying & fraud.
>
> Hare’s worst problem is its dishonest promoters.
>
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Mar 20, 2024 at 2:54 AM Michael Ossipoff <email9648742 at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Hare might not manifest its problem for the reason I gave, if voters
>>> know what they’re doing. But its fraudulent promotion works against that
>>> hope.
>>>
>>> Given the consistent fraudulent promotion, with enactments based on an
>>> intentional lie regarding what “RCV” is & will do, we shouldn’t be expected
>>> to trust that it will work.
>>>
>>> Given the fraudulent promotion, Oregon & Nevada should reject “RCV”.
>>>
>>> Principle doesn’t support fraud.
>>>
>>> Fraudulently-achieved “progress” isn’t progress.
>>>
>>> On Tue, Mar 19, 2024 at 17:10 Closed Limelike Curves <
>>> closed.limelike.curves at gmail.com> wrote:
>>>
>>>> The example I like to use here is Meek in New Zealand local elections.
>>>>> Meek's method uses a fixed point iteration to determine the keep
>>>>> values,
>>>>> and thus necessarily has to be counted by computer. I doubt you could
>>>>> go
>>>>> to an average New Zealand voter and get them to explain how Meek works.
>>>>> Yet they use it, so it's possible for the voters to trust a method with
>>>>> computerized counting.
>>>>
>>>> I think there's two things to distinguish here:
>>>> 1. Trusting the voting machines/computers—this is just an American
>>>> thing, really, because of 2020. That rules out anything that's not
>>>> precinct-summable, though I think it means we *really* need some kind
>>>> of verifiable voting.
>>>> 2. Trusting the voting *method*. The key here is that even educated,
>>>> high-information voters don't care about details and won't understand
>>>> them, but they need to have a high-level overview of your system. The
>>>> educated, high-information voters are the key, because they're the ones on
>>>> all the talk shows, telling their friends to support referenda, etc. These
>>>> people are smart, but they aren't math nerds. We can (and should) hand-wave
>>>> and use imprecise but familiar language to get your point across.
>>>>
>>>> As an example, here's my explanation of ranked pairs for the educated
>>>> voter: "For every pair of candidates, we check which candidate is ranked
>>>> higher by more voters. If somebody wins every matchup, they get elected. If
>>>> nobody wins every one-on-one matchup, we ignore some of the matchups that
>>>> are closest to being tied. This is the fairest way to have an election
>>>> because if most people want someone to win, that candidate should win.
>>>> That's just democracy. We can ignore elections that are basically tied
>>>> since they don't really matter much."
>>>> "Hmm, makes sense, but what's wrong with IRV?"
>>>> "Well, in Alaska, they say Nick Begich lost because he got too many
>>>> votes. It's called a 'monotonicity failure.' But something's wrong with
>>>> Alaska's elections if you can somehow lose because you got too many votes."
>>>>
>>>> This glosses over a lot of details about equal-ranking, what "closest
>>>> to tied" means, etc. They might even confuse the description I gave with
>>>> minimax. That's fine. They don't care. (There's never going to be a
>>>> >3-candidate cycle in real life anyways.) They're willing to delegate
>>>> details to mathematicians and economists, as long as they understand
>>>> why this system makes sense, and they want to be able to give an overview.
>>>>
>>>> The same goes for IRV—IRV has gotten so popular because it just keeps
>>>> getting explained as "eliminate all the spoiler candidates, reassign their
>>>> votes to the next-highest candidate, and then pick whoever got the most
>>>> votes."
>>>>
>>>> Another example would be the Huntington-Hill apportionment method. It's
>>>>> not just complex but needlessly so (Webster would be better). I suspect
>>>>> the average voter would be hard pressed to explain how it works. Over
>>>>> here in Norway we also have a greedy algorithm that handles top-up
>>>>> leveling seats to improve national proportionality while also
>>>>> maintaining regional proportionality. Again, I doubt that an average
>>>>> voter could explain how it works; but they mostly trust it, so there's
>>>>> little problem. (Bizarre outcomes notwithstanding: personally I'd favor
>>>>> a change of algorithm, but that's another matter.)
>>>>
>>>> Here's another example of "glossing over details is ok":
>>>> Huntington-Hill is where you take every state's population, divide by the
>>>> size of a congressional district to get the correct number of districts,
>>>> and then you round to the integer with the smallest % error (whereas
>>>> Webster rounds to the nearest integer). (Which is how the Census Bureau
>>>> describes it on their website!)
>>>>
>>>> Explaining that "% error" involves natural logs or geometric means
>>>> isn't important, nor is iteratively picking better divisors.
>>>>
>>>> On Tue, Mar 19, 2024 at 5:27 AM Kristofer Munsterhjelm <
>>>> km_elmet at t-online.de> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> On 2024-03-18 02:03, Rob Lanphier wrote:
>>>>> > Hi Kristofer,
>>>>> >
>>>>> > I have a detailed reply below.  In short, I'm still pretty sure
>>>>> Michael
>>>>> > Ossipoff is worth listening to every so often (even though many of
>>>>> his
>>>>> > emails are thoughtless stream-of-consciousness that would get him
>>>>> banned
>>>>> > in most places, and I haven't ruled that out if it becomes clear
>>>>> he's
>>>>> > driving people away).
>>>>>
>>>>> That may be, but I feel he's rather too irascible to deal with, and
>>>>> that
>>>>> he gets his partisan preferences in the way of discussing methods.
>>>>> (Other readers, feel free to skip to "voting method stuff below".)
>>>>> Here's from the discussion that ultimately led to the plonkage:
>>>>>
>>>>> On 2023-09-21, Mike argued in favor of IRV by (as I understood it)
>>>>> essentially saying that, given that IRV has compromising failure, any
>>>>> electorate that knew this and still went for IRV were tough enough not
>>>>> to compromise to begin with. The reasoning went that, as they know of
>>>>> IRV's compromising failure, they wouldn't choose a method that had
>>>>> compromising failure unless they were determined to avoid triggering
>>>>> that failure. Quoting:
>>>>>
>>>>> > So I’m sure that I’ll propose & recommend good Condorcet versions
>>>>> > (even if I don’t yet know which ones & how many) over IRV.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > …but I’ll nonetheless include IRV among the methods that I offer,
>>>>> > because it’s better than a lot of people believe.   …though its
>>>>> merit &
>>>>> > workability strongly depend on the electorate & the candidate-lineup.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > I.e. Because it isn’t Condorcet-complying, it’s necessary that the
>>>>> > electorate aren’t timid lesser-evil giveaway voters.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > But an electorate that has just enacted IRV in a referendum didn’t
>>>>> > do so because they want to rank Lesser-Evil over their favorite. They
>>>>> > enacted it because they want to rank sincerely, to express & fully
>>>>> help
>>>>> > their favorite.
>>>>>
>>>>> Emphasis on the last sentence. Source
>>>>>
>>>>> http://lists.electorama.com/pipermail/election-methods-electorama.com/2023-September/004912.html.
>>>>>
>>>>> At the time I found this very strange, and it seemed to me that using
>>>>> such reasoning could lead to absurdity.
>>>>>
>>>>> Then, on the 25th., he said that Coombs had too much of a burial
>>>>> incentive to be useful.
>>>>>
>>>>> > Some academic authors have high praise for Coombs. One say that, with
>>>>> > sincere ranking, & fewer than 5 candidates, Coombs always elects the
>>>>> CW.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > But Coombs is obviously vulnerable to east burial strategy. In
>>>>> particular,
>>>>> > trust & betrayal perpetrated by the voters of a “ lesser”-evil.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > Sure, after that betrayal, they’d hopefully never have any support
>>>>> from
>>>>> > their victims again.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > But 1) Again we’re talking about resolution at least an
>>>>> election-cycle
>>>>> > later; & 2) It could devolve to never-ending routine mutual burial.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > Coombs doesn’t sound very promising to me.
>>>>>
>>>>> Source:
>>>>>
>>>>> http://lists.electorama.com/pipermail/election-methods-electorama.com/2023-September/004941.html
>>>>>
>>>>> So I thought I would respond by poking a bit of fun at it, and
>>>>> indirectly show how the IRV reasoning proved too much and could lead
>>>>> to
>>>>> absurdity:
>>>>>
>>>>> >> But Coombs is obviously vulnerable to east burial strategy. In
>>>>> >> particular, trust & betrayal perpetrated by the voters of a “
>>>>> lesser”-evil.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > Clearly then, knowing this fact, the voters who propose and enact
>>>>> Coombs
>>>>> > must be tough voters who would never ever bury. Therefore Coombs'
>>>>> burial
>>>>> > incentive is no problem wherever it would be proposed.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > I jest :-)
>>>>>
>>>>> Apparently he got quite offended. He responded:
>>>>>
>>>>> >> I jest :-)
>>>>> >
>>>>> > …
>>>>> >
>>>>> > …&, by so doing, you waste our time, & space at the postings-page, &
>>>>> send
>>>>> > your substandard attempt at humor to everyone’s e-mail.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > …
>>>>> >
>>>>> > You’re aware that your bullshit is going to the e-mail of every
>>>>> > list-subscriber, right?
>>>>>
>>>>> and
>>>>>
>>>>> > The only absurdity is in his sloppy attempt at an analogy, which has
>>>>> > nothing in common with what it’s supposed to be an analogy for.   …&
>>>>> his
>>>>> > equally sloppy & absurd conclusion from it (which he expressed as a
>>>>> serious
>>>>> > “real point”, rather than as “jest”);
>>>>>
>>>>> I enjoy these sorts of replies about as much as the next guy, which is
>>>>> to say not at all, so that was that. Now, he did say in his post that
>>>>>
>>>>> > Perhaps Kristofer didn’t read my posts that said that RCV’s
>>>>> > disadvantage is that it strongly depends on the electorate not being
>>>>> timid
>>>>> > lesser-evil giveaway-voters.
>>>>>
>>>>> which suggests that his point was not so much "electorates who propose
>>>>> IRV must necessarily have precommitted themselves to not do
>>>>> compromising" as "IRV will fail if the electorate hasn't". But if so,
>>>>> there are definitely better ways to to say "I think your joke is off
>>>>> the
>>>>> mark, you must have misunderstood".
>>>>>
>>>>> I usually don't poke fun to press the absurdity of a point, so I think
>>>>> he had already got under my skin at that point. All the more reason to
>>>>> stay away.
>>>>>
>>>>> Anyway,
>>>>>
>>>>> === voting method stuff below ===
>>>>>
>>>>> > Credible voter models show that approval voting
>>>>> > and Condorcet consistency are practically compatible, even if they
>>>>> > aren't strictly compatible.  A system that "computers can count,
>>>>> even if
>>>>> > people can't" is not viable in our lifetimes, because people are
>>>>> more
>>>>> > complicated than computers.
>>>>>
>>>>> The example I like to use here is Meek in New Zealand local elections.
>>>>> Meek's method uses a fixed point iteration to determine the keep
>>>>> values,
>>>>> and thus necessarily has to be counted by computer. I doubt you could
>>>>> go
>>>>> to an average New Zealand voter and get them to explain how Meek
>>>>> works.
>>>>> Yet they use it, so it's possible for the voters to trust a method
>>>>> with
>>>>> computerized counting.
>>>>>
>>>>> And I suppose that's the point: trust. It's harder to trust a
>>>>> computerized system when it hasn't built up a reputation for good
>>>>> results, or when previous complicated systems have failed (if IRV is
>>>>> to
>>>>> be considered both a complicated system and one that failed).
>>>>>
>>>>> Another example would be the Huntington-Hill apportionment method.
>>>>> It's
>>>>> not just complex but needlessly so (Webster would be better). I
>>>>> suspect
>>>>> the average voter would be hard pressed to explain how it works. Over
>>>>> here in Norway we also have a greedy algorithm that handles top-up
>>>>> leveling seats to improve national proportionality while also
>>>>> maintaining regional proportionality. Again, I doubt that an average
>>>>> voter could explain how it works; but they mostly trust it, so there's
>>>>> little problem. (Bizarre outcomes notwithstanding: personally I'd
>>>>> favor
>>>>> a change of algorithm, but that's another matter.)
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> I agree that Approval wins by a mile in the bang for the buck
>>>>> category.
>>>>> If your summability is restricted to one number per candidate,
>>>>> Approval/Range is the best you can get, but mostly because the other
>>>>> contenders make it no contest. But I can't shake the "manual DSV" and
>>>>> rb-j objections, that plain honest voters will be annoyed that they
>>>>> have
>>>>> to collapse their expressions into "yay? or boo?", and that the small
>>>>> risk of disastrous returns from misjudged strategy will eventually
>>>>> blow up.
>>>>>
>>>>> Admittedly, I have no proof of this, since Approval hasn't been used
>>>>> much. I just know that's how I would think if my area switched to
>>>>> Approval. (We don't actually have single-winner elections, but you get
>>>>> my point :-)
>>>>>
>>>>> >> I've got Mike plonked, so I don't see his posts,
>>>>> >
>>>>> >
>>>>> > That's too bad.  Michael is frequently annoying, but he's frequently
>>>>> > correct.  This mailing list was started in large part because of a
>>>>> > mailing-list conversation I had with Michael in 1995, where he was
>>>>> being
>>>>> > obnoxious on another list.  I thought I'd be able to show that he
>>>>> was a
>>>>> > crank.  Turns out he taught me about center squeeze.  You should
>>>>> > consider unplonking him.
>>>>>
>>>>> There are definitely things I disagree with him about, and that I
>>>>> would
>>>>> tell him were he, say, Forest. But I don't fancy getting my head
>>>>> bitten
>>>>> off again. Maybe I will, but I'm not sure yet.
>>>>>
>>>>> >>     but I would like to add this:
>>>>> >>
>>>>> >>     - If a lack of summability is not a problem, then BTR-IRV isn't
>>>>> that
>>>>> >>     much more complex than IRV. And at the cost of slightly more
>>>>> complexity
>>>>> >>     than that, Benham can preserve IRV's strategy resistance and do
>>>>> away
>>>>> >>     with most of its exit incentive.
>>>>> >
>>>>> >
>>>>> > Having volunteered as a poll worker for the first time in a city
>>>>> that
>>>>> > uses RCV for some elections, it changed my perspective on election
>>>>> > security.  I appreciated how much process there was, but also how
>>>>> much
>>>>> > of the process was shrugged off when it was a little inconvenient.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > There weren't any RCV races in the March 5 election here, so I
>>>>> didn't
>>>>> > have to perform any tech support for RCV, but having voted in many
>>>>> RCV
>>>>> > races, I could see what a goat rodeo that can become for poll
>>>>> workers.
>>>>> > My hunch is that the more complicated the election, the easier it
>>>>> would
>>>>> > be to have steps of the process shrugged off as poll workers get
>>>>> > frazzled as the day wears on.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > I think "summability" is really just shorthand for "vaguely makes
>>>>> sense
>>>>> > for someone who really really cares about the end result to keep
>>>>> track
>>>>> > of the election in real time".  Strict Condorcet methods are
>>>>> admittedly
>>>>> > difficult on this count.  Approval is drop-dead simple on this count.
>>>>>
>>>>> That's more or less what I've come to think too. Summability primarily
>>>>> is about interpretability, and secondarily that people transporting
>>>>> the
>>>>> data have a chance to see if it's been tampered with. In both cases
>>>>> it's
>>>>> related to transparency.
>>>>>
>>>>> Computer wise, it's possible to store full rankings for a worldwide
>>>>> election and a reasonable number of candidates on an SD card, even
>>>>> with
>>>>> 100% turnout of 8.1 billion voters. So summability is not for storage
>>>>> purposes alone, unless you're doing a manual count (which again ties
>>>>> into transparency).
>>>>>
>>>>> The interpretability point is weakened as you go from first order to
>>>>> second to third... and by the time you're doing real-time IRV sankey
>>>>> diagrams, all meaning is lost.
>>>>>
>>>>> >> If computers do the counting, then relatively laborious steps aren't
>>>>> >> any problem, as long as the public understands why they're there.
>>>>> >
>>>>> > I think that's an easy thing for those of us who are good with
>>>>> computers
>>>>> > to say.  Computers are taking over the world, but there's a limit to
>>>>> how
>>>>> > much people trust computers and the people who write the software
>>>>> for
>>>>> > computers.  Many people "trust" computers only as far as they can
>>>>> throw
>>>>> > a datacenter.  Granted, it's possible to wire up many computers in a
>>>>> > small box that most healthy adults can throw and call that a
>>>>> > "datacenter", but I'm talking about the brick-and-mortar datacenters
>>>>> > often placed near power generation plants.  Most people have given
>>>>> up
>>>>> > the fight, and welcome our robot overlords, but our robot overlords
>>>>> > don't really care if we understand elections, and may prefer to do
>>>>> away
>>>>> > with elections and take control themselves.  :-)
>>>>>
>>>>> I'm definitely not going to propose that large language models call
>>>>> elections :-)
>>>>>
>>>>> > In seriousness, I'm guessing this mailing list skews heavily "math
>>>>> > literate" in addition to skewing heavily "computer literate", and I
>>>>> > think that those of us that are literate in those way have a hard
>>>>> time
>>>>> > relating to people that aren't as literate in those areas:
>>>>> >
>>>>> https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/math-hard-easy-teaching-instruction/2021/06/25/4fbec7ac-d46b-11eb-ae54-515e2f63d37d_story.html
>>>>> <
>>>>> https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/math-hard-easy-teaching-instruction/2021/06/25/4fbec7ac-d46b-11eb-ae54-515e2f63d37d_story.html
>>>>> >
>>>>>
>>>>> And that's a good point: the curse of knowledge is very real.
>>>>>
>>>>> >>    BTR-IRV's
>>>>> >>    safeguarding step follows directly from your concept that "if
>>>>> more
>>>>> >>    people prefer A to B than vice versa, then B must not be
>>>>> elected".
>>>>> >
>>>>> >>    - If, on the other hand, lack of summability *is* a problem,
>>>>> then that
>>>>> >>    disqualifies IRV outright and we're done.
>>>>> >
>>>>> >
>>>>> > I'm supportive of BTR-IRV, but I'll concede that summability and
>>>>> > reporting results in an easy-to-understand form (in real time) is a
>>>>> big
>>>>> > problem.  I think it's important for voters (on election night) to
>>>>> be
>>>>> > able to see a television reporter say "Results from the precincts on
>>>>> the
>>>>> > southwest side of town were just reported, and CandB took the lead
>>>>> over
>>>>> > CandA.  Let's turn it over to our analysts at the elections desk to
>>>>> > explain what happened!"  The pre-election polling and exit polling
>>>>> > should provide a reasonably understandable explanation.  I fear
>>>>> we're
>>>>> > due for a lot of election fraud if most people don't understand what
>>>>> > happened (and honestly, having lived in San Francisco since 2011 and
>>>>> > seen how some close elections have turned out, it wouldn't surprise
>>>>> me
>>>>> > at all if there's some consequential electoral fraud here).
>>>>>
>>>>> I'm no fan of IRV either. I'm just saying "if IRV, then
>>>>> Condorcet-IRV".
>>>>> That is, the return on including some Condorcet provision if you're
>>>>> going to do IRV anyway is high enough that you really ought to do it.
>>>>>
>>>>> As far as reporting goes: does anyone here know how Australia does it?
>>>>>
>>>>> I suppose their above-the-line voting makes IRV much more like largest
>>>>> remainders party list, but I've heard that optional voting is becoming
>>>>> more common, which could lead more voters to manually rank the
>>>>> candidates.
>>>>>
>>>>> I also have the impression that polls include pairwise data
>>>>> ("two-party-preferred") showing the relative support between the two
>>>>> party blocs (Labour and LibNat). But I don't want to mess up the
>>>>> details, so I'll leave them to someone who actually lives in Australia.
>>>>>
>>>>> French presidential polls seem to include hypothetical expected
>>>>> pairwise
>>>>> results between the candidates who have some chance of getting into
>>>>> the
>>>>> final. See
>>>>>
>>>>> https://www.politico.eu/article/5-charts-to-help-you-read-the-french-presidential-election/,
>>>>>
>>>>> figure near the bottom. So if we look more broadly, pairwise reporting
>>>>> isn't completely unheard of.
>>>>>
>>>>> > I hear you, and I read what Forest wrote.  Ultimately, I think it's
>>>>> > important for most voters to vaguely know what the election is going
>>>>> to
>>>>> > look like in order to be comfortable using the system.  I don't
>>>>> think
>>>>> > most folks here in the SF Bay Area really understand RCV.  The topic
>>>>> > frequently comes up on the nightly news, for example here:
>>>>> >
>>>>> https://www.ktvu.com/news/lawsuit-filed-to-overturn-oakland-mayoral-election
>>>>> <
>>>>> https://www.ktvu.com/news/lawsuit-filed-to-overturn-oakland-mayoral-election
>>>>> >
>>>>> > My fear is that RCV makes fraud easier, because few people truly
>>>>> > understand what's going on under the hood, and the founders of
>>>>> FairVote
>>>>> > don't help educate; they obfuscate.  I'm hopeful that FairVote will
>>>>> get
>>>>> > over their nasty case of "founder's syndrome" soon, so that they
>>>>> will
>>>>> > become better partners in electoral reform efforts.
>>>>>
>>>>> IRV RCV is entirely nonsummable. (Summable) Condorcet should do
>>>>> better,
>>>>> particularly in the absence of cycles. One could possibly do reporting
>>>>> by saying something like "candidate X is still the champ, but his
>>>>> match
>>>>> against candidate Y is evening out - what does that mean, is this
>>>>> region
>>>>> a stronghold of Y's? Did the voters here prefer Y to X because of
>>>>> economic reasons?", etc.
>>>>>
>>>>> When things get cyclical it gets a lot tougher. But simple rules could
>>>>> possibly still work, e.g. minmax as "your strength is the strength of
>>>>> the most unfavorable matchup". Reporting could talk about how X's
>>>>> apparent comfortable margin is taking a beating on some issue that
>>>>> candidates Y and Z are strong at, and that X's victory is looking slim
>>>>> because Y is already doing a good job in the X vs Y contest. Who the
>>>>> current champ is and how his winning chances are either being shored
>>>>> up
>>>>> or eroded by more votes coming in.
>>>>>
>>>>> Copeland is probably quite easy to understand although indecisive and
>>>>> not cloneproof. Brackets could be simple, but I don't know of any
>>>>> Condorcet method that uses them -- and the seed order would have to be
>>>>> set in advance. Otherwise, as more votes come in, it could alter the
>>>>> seed order and make the comparisons seem like an unpredictable mess.
>>>>>
>>>>> >> [1] Both honest voters in the rank-consistent sense and in the von
>>>>> >> Neumann-Morgenstern sense.
>>>>> >
>>>>> >
>>>>> > Could you explain what you mean by this?
>>>>>
>>>>> What I mean is that both honest voters who have a particular rating in
>>>>> mind, but not a ranking; and honest voters who have strengths of
>>>>> preference in mind, have multiple honest ballots to choose between. So
>>>>> the choice of which one to use becomes a matter of what others are
>>>>> doing, even for people who would rather not do strategy.
>>>>>
>>>>> This is most obvious for ranked voters: if your opinion is A>B>C, you
>>>>> don't know if you should approve only A or both A and B.
>>>>>
>>>>> von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities is a way to quantify strength of
>>>>> preference by using lotteries and expected utility.
>>>>>
>>>>> Suppose that your preference is A>B>C, and that you think that getting
>>>>> B
>>>>> for sure is as good as a gamble with a 40% chance of A, and a 60% of
>>>>> C.
>>>>> Then your von Neumann-Morgenstern utility for B is 40% of the one for
>>>>> A
>>>>> plus 60% of the one for C. E.g. if your rating of C is zero and A is
>>>>> 10,
>>>>> then B is 4.
>>>>>
>>>>> By considering what gamble you would find about as good as getting a
>>>>> candidate for sure, you can (theoretically) determine your strength of
>>>>> preference for all other candidates once you have two of them. So that
>>>>> allows a more meaningful theory about what strength of preference
>>>>> really
>>>>> is, and to say that a ballot is honest if it's consistent with these
>>>>> preference strengths.
>>>>>
>>>>> But there's still a problem: you're left with two free variables - the
>>>>> ratings of your favorite and least favorite. So there are still
>>>>> multiple
>>>>> honest Range ballots. And if we suppose that Approval works by
>>>>> approving
>>>>> every candidate above the halfway point on the rating scale, then
>>>>> there
>>>>> are still multiple honest Approval ballots, too.
>>>>>
>>>>> We could get around this by fixing the voter's favorite candidate to a
>>>>> rating of 100% and the voter's least favorite to 0%. Now there is only
>>>>> one honest rated-like ballot. But methods that automatically normalize
>>>>> like this fail IIA, and both in Range and (above mean utility)
>>>>> Approval,
>>>>> there can exist an incentive to not cast that honest ballot.
>>>>>
>>>>> (In practice, people don't like risk and so prefer a sure deal over a
>>>>> gamble, but there are ways to compensate for this too.  The point is
>>>>> that it provides a formalization of the idea of "strength of
>>>>> preference".)
>>>>>
>>>>> -km
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>> ----
>>>>> Election-Methods mailing list - see https://electorama.com/em for
>>>>> list info
>>>>>
>>>> ----
>>>> Election-Methods mailing list - see https://electorama.com/em for list
>>>> info
>>>>
>>> ----
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>>> info
>>>
>>
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