[EM] Maintenance Elections

[Greg Nisbet]

Maintenance election is a neologism for elections outside of the
normal cycle used to fill vacancies

This came up as a possible use for the Electoral College in Making a
Bad Thing Worse.

This thus begs the question:
How do you deal with vacancies in the legislature due to death,
illness, conviction, resignation etc. ?
Do you do anything at all, or just have a legislation minus one person.

Thus I pose two questions:

How are maintenance elections dealt with in your country?

How should vacancies be filled, if at all?