[EM] Apportionment bias

[Warren Smith]

To clarify:
I claim my randomized rounding method has zero bias.

This is based on the mathematical defintion of bias used by statisticians:
a quantity whose expectation value is the value it is supposed to be, is
"unbiased" otherwise it is "biased."

You can design it to leave X unbiased where X is a variety of
things (designer chooses which he wishes to have zero bias for).

I claim by this same (standard) definition, all other apportionment
methods so far discussed, generically exhibit bias.


warren d smith