<div dir="auto"><div>Hi Kristofer and all,<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Perhaps not super practical, but the Monte Carlo random vote appeals to me: in your scenario above, run it 100 times with two random voters voting each time in sequence. So, 81% of the outcomes would be A and B, 9% E and D, and the rest some mix of A and E. Sum over all outcomes and see the top two? Would this be the platonic proportional benchmark, that doesn't require us to splice the voters into n dimensions of proportionality?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It does a pretty shonk job at acquiescing the minority in this case, but there are far worse outcomes. And in you example specifically, it doesn't feel right for E to be elected to me, though I could see a case for D (the benchmark will never elect them though, too deep down)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Regards,</div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, 16 May 2026, 5:27 am Kristofer Munsterhjelm via Election-Methods, <<a href="mailto:election-methods@lists.electorama.com">election-methods@lists.electorama.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">I've been trying, on and off, to quantify proportionality for <br>
multiwinner methods. (My first post on this list was about that, even.) <br>
But usually, the metrics I tried to use, though seemingly reasonable, <br>
ended up closer to measuring the degree to which the method gives each <br>
group "their own" representative.<br>
<br>
For very large elections or party-list ones, that's not much of a <br>
problem, but it seems intuitive that multi-winner methods electing fewer <br>
fewer seats have to balance broad support and factional support. A <br>
Condorcet-type bloc vote would be all broad support and would elect a <br>
number of clones at the median position, while something that's entirely <br>
based on factional support would divide the voters into sections, each <br>
of which get a candidate elected based on their own center regardless of <br>
what the distribution of opinion outside their chunk happens to be.<br>
<br>
(Multiwinner methods that are not proportional might elect candidates <br>
that are further still from the center. For instance, suppose for the <br>
sake of the argument that we want to hold an assembly vote with a very <br>
high supermajority threshold; but first, we want to elect <br>
representatives to that assembly from a greater number of candidates. <br>
Then with preferences something like<br>
90: A>B>C>D>E<br>
10: E>D>C>B>A<br>
it might make more sense to elect {A,E} than {A,B} even though the <br>
latter is more proportional than the former; the point being that if the <br>
threshold is above 90%, then electing {A,B} could lead to a proposition <br>
being passed which would not pass the 90% threshold among the voters.)<br>
<br>
So, because I've had little luck in finding a good proportionality <br>
measure from first principles, here's an idea that's a lot more <br>
pragmatic, but should work.<br>
<br>
Let opinion space be the real line and the voters' distribution of <br>
opinions (i.e. fractions holding each opinion value x) be some <br>
statistical distribution, e.g. a standard normal. Then a possibly <br>
reasonable (?) extension of majority rule is Droop: that the candidates <br>
closest to quantile k/(s+1) should be elected, where s is the number of <br>
seats and 1 <= k <= s. So for one winner, that's the closest to 50% (the <br>
median); for two winners it's 33% and 67%; for three winners it's 25%, <br>
50%, and 75%; and so on.<br>
<br>
So pick some random quantiles for the set of candidates and generate an <br>
election consistent with the voters' preferences over these candidates <br>
based on how close the voters are to the candidates. (This can be done <br>
by sampling, or with very high precision for something like a normal <br>
distribution.) Let the set of candidate quantiles be Q_C, the number of <br>
seats be s, and Q_W some winner subset of s members.<br>
<br>
Let Q_W_1, ..., Q_W_s be the quantiles (members) of Q_W in sorted <br>
increasing order.<br>
<br>
Then a quality measure relative to the Droop heuristic could be <br>
something like<br>
f(Q_W, s) = sum k=1...s: ( k/(n+1) - Q_W_k )^2<br>
<br>
which we'd want to minimize. If the winners are exactly at the Droop <br>
points, then f = 0. Then we could use usual approaches like VSE to take <br>
into account that a randomly selected number of candidates might not <br>
have such a perfect subset.<br>
<br>
--<br>
<br>
Other ideas and observations:<br>
<br>
- The variance in f over multiple rounds (each of "pick a Q_C, generate <br>
ballots, run a method, see what winner set it outputs, construct Q_W <br>
based on it") could be used to determine if the method is consistently <br>
proportional or all over the place.<br>
<br>
- If we had a way of generalizing the "optimal" quota points beyond the <br>
k/(n+1) that Droop suggests, then for any method, we could find the <br>
quantile distribution that fits the method best (i.e. produces the <br>
minimal values of the penalty function f). This would then return what <br>
behavior the method has to winner selection, from "always elect <br>
centrists" to "always elect candidates with factional support".<br>
<br>
- Combining the two would give an indication of what kind of <br>
proportionality a method (in effect) seeks to obtain, and how consistent <br>
it is at doing so. Then we could try to make a method that takes the <br>
proportionality level as an input and gives good performance (at that <br>
level) no matter what level it's set to.<br>
<br>
- I don't know how to generalize this to multiple dimensions. That's a <br>
problem with using a "pragmatic" measure like this.<br>
<br>
- A possible way to generalize the quota would be like this: let the <br>
voting opinion distribution be a standard normal. Let delta be the <br>
tunable parameter for Harmonic voting as in <br>
<a href="https://rangevoting.org/QualityMulti.html" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://rangevoting.org/QualityMulti.html</a>. Then let the ideal candidate <br>
locations for delta and s seats be the positions whose candidates are <br>
always elected in an s of (s+1) election with Harmonic voting no matter <br>
where the last candidate is located. This is pragmatic and would make <br>
Harmonic's level of proportionality equal to its delta variable. But <br>
it's also kind of arbitrary and finding the quantile values in practice <br>
would be a real pain.<br>
<br>
- Whatever parameterization is used for proportionality, it should <br>
probably range from "entirely bloc" (all seats at the median voter) at <br>
one end, through Droop, to a step-like function that prefers half the <br>
council (minus one if odd) to be far left, the other half (minus one) to <br>
be far right, and the last, if any, to be center.<br>
<br>
-km<br>
----<br>
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</blockquote></div></div></div>