<div dir="ltr"><div>Hi Richard! You might want to shorten this :) I skimmed it, but I might have missed a few things. I have some questions.</div><div><br></div><div>First: why are you so fiercely opposed to using rated ballots? I really doubt ballot design is the most important part of a reform proposal. From what I can tell, there's a lot of research showing spoiled ballots are much more common when ranking, even if you allow equal-ratings. Ranked ballots still allow for skipped ranks and voters who misinterpret ranks as ratings. There's a huge spike in the number of spoiled ballots when you have 4 or 5 candidates, because people mistake the rankings for a 1-4 or 1-5 scale. (And lots of cities use cumulative voting for city councils, making things more confusing!)</div><div><br></div><div>Second: if your complaint is that voters might exaggerate their ratings, I don't see why this would be applicable to STAR, but not other systems that allow equal-rankings. It's a dominant strategy in score, but STAR isn't score, and the runoff prevents this.</div><div><br></div><div>Third: I have no idea how vote-splitting would be a thing in STAR. Spoiler effects, sure, because STAR fails IIA. But I think of vote-splitting as meaning clone-negativity (whereas STAR is intentionally a bit clone-positive, to encourage parties to run at least 2 candidates).</div><div><br></div><div>Finally: Equal Vote Coalition promotes proportional representation algorithms like STAR-PR as well as single-winner reforms.</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Jun 3, 2024 at 5:41 PM Richard, the VoteFair guy <<a href="mailto:electionmethods@votefair.org" target="_blank">electionmethods@votefair.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Below the dotted line is the beginning of my open letter to STAR voting <br>
promoters.<br>
<br>
Here's some background info for the benefit of election-method forum <br>
readers:<br>
<br>
In November, throughout Oregon, Oregon voters will vote to approve or <br>
defeat a referendum that adopts ranked choice voting for electing Oregon <br>
governors and Oregon members of Congress (and the Oregon secretary of <br>
state). This referendum was passed by the Oregon state legislature! <br>
This is huge! All other states that have adopted ranked choice voting <br>
have needed to gather signatures to get their initiatives on their <br>
state's ballots.<br>
<br>
Here's the full text of the referendum:<br>
<br>
<a href="https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2023R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/HB2004/Enrolled" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2023R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/HB2004/Enrolled</a><br>
<br>
The vote-counting details begin on page 2 in Section 4. Importantly the <br>
words do not mention anything about "overvotes." Also importantly it's <br>
well-worded so the counting details can be refined in the future. Also <br>
it gives explicit permission to later adopt the single-transferable vote <br>
(STV) for electing city-council members (which Portland recently <br>
adopted) or for electing Oregon state legislators.<br>
<br>
Note: The following "open letter" is long because election-method <br>
reform is not a simple topic, and numerous misunderstandings are involved.<br>
<br>
........................<br>
<br>
Here's my open letter to STAR voting promoters:<br>
<br>
The recent defeat of STAR voting in Eugene triggered a conversation on <br>
the r/EndFPTP subreddit in which the comments from you, the promoters of <br>
STAR voting, reveal some misunderstandings.<br>
<br>
These misunderstandings easily could lead to expensive or embarrassing <br>
mistakes regarding support for, or opposition against, the upcoming <br>
statewide Oregon November referendum that will adopt ranked choice <br>
voting for some Oregon elections.<br>
<br>
<br>
I'll start with areas where you, the STAR voting promoters, have <br>
correctly identified relevant information.<br>
<br>
* Yes, the FairVote organization has a long history of promoting <br>
misrepresentations.<br>
<br>
* Yes, (as far as I know) the FairVote organization was a big source of <br>
money that paid for "vote-no" postal flyers mailed to Eugene voters.<br>
<br>
* Yes, those flyers helped defeat the STAR voting initiative.<br>
<br>
* Yes, it's likely that FairVote helped pay for "opposition" arguments <br>
in the Eugene Voter's Pamphlet, which was mailed to every Eugene voter.<br>
<br>
* Yes, those statements of opposition in the voter's pamphlet helped <br>
defeat the STAR voting initiative.<br>
<br>
<br>
(E-M forum aside: Here's the link to the Eugene Voter's Pamphlet: <br>
<a href="https://www.eugene-or.gov/DocumentCenter/View/74017/0524-Voters-Pamphlet" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.eugene-or.gov/DocumentCenter/View/74017/0524-Voters-Pamphlet</a> )<br>
<br>
<br>
However, I get the impression you, the promoters of STAR voting, are <br>
overlooking the most important issues that account for why STAR voting <br>
was defeated.<br>
<br>
Here are the issues I suggest you re-consider more carefully.<br>
<br>
* You seem to believe the FairVote organization is your enemy, without <br>
understanding they are basically just supplying money to the huge(!) <br>
number of Oregon voters who understand that ranked choice ballots are <br>
much better than STAR ballots.<br>
<br>
* Opposition statements in the voter's pamphlet pointed out the <br>
unfairness of score voting during the first step of STAR counting, when <br>
a majority-supported candidate can fail to reach the runoff round. Yet <br>
your rebuttals about majority support focused on the top-two runoff <br>
step, which is not what they were criticizing.<br>
<br>
* You seem to dismiss the important difference between your <br>
single-winner method and a good multi-winner method such as the <br>
single-transferable vote (STV). STV really does increase representation <br>
for minorities, women, etc. In fact STV with three seats per district <br>
(as chosen for Portland) guarantees representation for at least 66 <br>
percent of that district's voters. Yes, a single-winner method such as <br>
STAR or instant-runoff voting (IRV) increases this representation <br>
guarantee from zero to 50 percent. But that does not reach the higher <br>
level that minorities want, and deserve.<br>
<br>
* Pointing out you have a few minority advocates who support STAR voting <br>
is a weak defense against the attacks from the many(!) minority voter <br>
advocates in Portland who have been learning about the <br>
single-transferable vote (STV). Remember STV will be used in Portland <br>
in November to elect our city councilors.<br>
<br>
* Your suggestion that ranked choice voting is vulnerable to vote <br>
splitting, but STAR voting is not vulnerable to vote splitting, is a <br>
lie. This lie undermines your credibility for all your other claims. <br>
If you try to define "vote splitting" as something that STAR voting <br>
avoids and instant-runoff voting can fail, then you are guilty of the <br>
same kind of misrepresentation that comes from the FairVote organization.<br>
<br>
* The voter's-pamphlet statements in support of STAR voting wasted lots <br>
of words talking about issues that are not as important as the above <br>
issues. In my opinion these minor issues include the size of summarized <br>
ballot data, how simple it is for calculating, the monotonicity <br>
criterion, whether it works well among friends, etc.<br>
<br>
<br>
Clarification: Yes, STAR voting is well-designed for use among friends <br>
where religious, dietary, etc. concerns can be expressed strongly, and <br>
where selfish people can be excluded, and where voting is conducted as a <br>
single round of ballot marking and counting. However the <br>
strength-of-expression advantage becomes a disadvantage in governmental <br>
elections. That's because voters get extra influence by exaggerating <br>
their ratings, such as not marking any candidates at levels 2 and 3.<br>
<br>
<br>
Now let's talk about possible future collaborations, and barriers to <br>
collaboration.<br>
<br>
I too dislike the FairVote organization. I've been fighting against <br>
them for three decades.<br>
<br>
Yet if the FairVote organization offers to pay the fee (about $2,000 I <br>
believe) to publish in the Oregon Voter's Pamphlet a statement from me, <br>
Richard Fobes, the VoteFair guy, in support of the November referendum, <br>
I will gladly accept their assistance.<br>
<br>
Or if the FairVote organization asks for permission to use my name as <br>
being in support of the upcoming November referendum, I will agree -- if <br>
the promotion does not imply blind support for the FairVote organization <br>
and does not imply the Burlington and Alaska elections yielded the <br>
correct winner.<br>
<br>
I'm open to this collaboration because they, the FairVote organization, <br>
and I, the VoteFair guy, agree that RANKED CHOICE BALLOTS are needed for <br>
election-method reform.<br>
<br>
Reaching areas of agreement, and working in collaboration, is how <br>
election-method reform is going to happen.<br>
<br>
This brings us to the core point in this letter.<br>
<br>
<br>
"Voters must be allowed to mark two or more candidates at the same <br>
preference level."<br>
<br>
These are the words I spoke to the Oregon legislative "rules" committee <br>
several years ago, back when the FairVote organization was attempting to <br>
push their flawed idea of how they think ranked choice ballots should be <br>
counted.<br>
<br>
Because of your testimony against that flawed FairVote bill, and because <br>
of my opposition, the Oregon lawyer who writes these bills later worked <br>
with Oregon election-method experts to create the dramatically improved <br>
wording that is now in the November referendum.<br>
<br>
The referendum wording does not contain any mention of "overvotes." <br>
This is huge! Of course "overvote" is FairVote's terminology for <br>
marking two or more candidates in the same choice column.<br>
<br>
This means you, the fans of STAR voting, can take credit for <br>
dramatically improving election methods here in Oregon!<br>
<br>
If you want, you can think of this refinement as a concession by the <br>
fans of the FairVote organization.<br>
<br>
Or you can spin it as a FairVote "lie" that is finally being exposed.<br>
<br>
The result is that, possibly in 2028 when we have the first statewide <br>
Oregon election using ranked choice ballots, we can be using software <br>
that correctly counts so-called "overvotes."<br>
<br>
As a reminder, when a voter marks two candidates at the same preference <br>
level, and when the counting reaches that pattern, that ballot can be <br>
paired with another ballot that has the same equivalent pattern, and one <br>
of those two ballots is counted as support for one of those two <br>
candidates, and the other ballot is counted as support for the other <br>
candidate. (Software can simulate this counting using decimal numbers <br>
and rounding down to integers, but certified election software must not <br>
use the decimal-number shortcut.)<br>
<br>
The remaining barrier to this correct counting of mythical "overvotes" <br>
is the lack of "certified" ballot data against which upgraded election <br>
software can be tested. Writing software is easy, but getting it <br>
certified requires certified data.<br>
<br>
The Oregon lawyer who wrote most of the referendum wording calls this <br>
"overvote" issue a "counting detail."<br>
<br>
Why is this "counting detail" so important?<br>
<br>
This software refinement eliminates a valid criticism that you, STAR <br>
voting promoters, have against FairVote's version of instant-runoff voting.<br>
<br>
Your criticism shows up in your recent pro-STAR scholarly article where <br>
the authors (Quinn, Wolk, and Ogren) misrepresent ranked choice ballots <br>
to be "user unfriendly." It's a misrepresentation because it does not <br>
apply to ranked choice voting when mythical "overvotes" are correctly <br>
counted. (There's another related user-friendly issue I'll get to shortly.)<br>
<br>
<br>
(E-M forum aside: Here's a link to that scholarly article: <br>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-022-09389-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-022-09389-3</a> )<br>
<br>
<br>
Yes, your "user unfriendly" criticism does apply when voters are told to <br>
avoid "overvotes." Especially when a voter wants to rank a strongly <br>
disliked candidate as the voter's last choice, and there are not as many <br>
choice columns as candidates.<br>
<br>
However, after mythical "overvotes" are counted correctly, election data <br>
will reveal a big decrease in "spoiled" ballots. That will undermine <br>
part of your characterization of ranked choice ballots as being "user <br>
unfriendly."<br>
<br>
Furthermore, ranked choice ballots with no "overvote" limitation will <br>
allow a voter to RATE the candidates.<br>
<br>
Just like on a score ballot!<br>
<br>
This means the voters who think STAR ballots are easier to mark will be <br>
able to mark their ranked choice ballot as if it were a STAR ballot! <br>
They just need to look into a mirror -- to reverse the left-to-right <br>
orientation difference -- and ignore the column labels -- words instead <br>
of stars and numbers.<br>
<br>
STAR voting fans correctly point out that some people prefer to think in <br>
terms of ratings rather than rankings. (Other voters regard ratings as <br>
more difficult to assign.)<br>
<br>
When so-called overvotes are allowed on ranked choice ballots, a voter <br>
can use either a rating or ranking approach, whichever they prefer!<br>
<br>
To repeat, this correct counting of so-called overvotes is allowed by <br>
the wording in November's referendum because it avoids saying anything <br>
about how to handle those mythical "overvotes."<br>
<br>
<br>
There is yet another area were I, the VoteFair guy, and you, the <br>
promoters of STAR voting, agree. And where we disagree with the <br>
FairVote organization.<br>
<br>
The candidate with the fewest transferred votes is not always the least <br>
popular. This is why the infamous Burlington mayoral election, and the <br>
recent special Alaska election, elected the wrong winner.<br>
<br>
You correctly recognize that this unfairness is easy to see in Yee diagrams.<br>
<br>
You use this unfairness as evidence that ranked choice ballots are "user <br>
unfriendly." Specifically a close election can require some voters to <br>
mark their ballot tactically (instead of sincerely) to get the fairest <br>
("correct") election result.<br>
<br>
Misleadingly you fail to mention that this "user unfriendliness" will <br>
disappear when better election software becomes available.<br>
<br>
The FairVote organization foolishly attempts to defend the failures in <br>
Burlington and Alaska. This is part of why lots of people like STAR <br>
voting, and why they regard the FairVote organization as their enemy.<br>
<br>
Fortunately the referendum wording is written clearly, in a way that <br>
makes it possible to correct this vote-counting flaw in the future.<br>
<br>
I believe that adding just two sentences might be sufficient to correct <br>
this flaw in a few years when more voters understand this subtle issue.<br>
<br>
Specifically, the referendum's counting method can be changed to <br>
implement Benham's method. Just add words such as: "If a round of <br>
counting has a pairwise winning candidate, that candidate is elected; a <br>
pairwise winning candidate is a candidate who would win every one-on-one <br>
contest against every remaining candidate."<br>
<br>
Or, the wording can be changed to implement the Ranked Choice Including <br>
Pairwise Elimination (RCIPE) method. In this case the added words would <br>
say something like: "Pairwise losing candidates are eliminated when <br>
they occur; a pairwise losing candidate is a candidate who would lose <br>
every one-on-one contest against every remaining candidate."<br>
<br>
The result would be an election method that overcomes the criticisms <br>
against the version of instant-runoff voting that the FairVote <br>
organization foolishly tries to defend.<br>
<br>
Hopefully you recognize that the referendum can, with the addition of <br>
two sentences, yield all the most significant election-method advantages <br>
of STAR voting.<br>
<br>
Of course some of your STAR-voting fans will not welcome this <br>
interpretation.<br>
<br>
Yet you can claim credit for helping Oregon adopt a <br>
reasonably-well-designed method that significantly differs from what the <br>
FairVote organization originally tried to push through the Oregon <br>
legislature.<br>
<br>
<br>
Now I'll discuss a concern.<br>
<br>
I'm concerned that you, the STAR voting promoters, might try to sabotage <br>
the November referendum. That might be based on your belief that the <br>
FairVote organization is your enemy, and that this referendum is an <br>
opportunity to "fight back" after losing the Eugene initiative.<br>
<br>
Any such sabotage would be a sabotage against all Oregon voters, the <br>
majority of whom want a better election system. Remember it would hurt <br>
Eugene voters too!<br>
<br>
And remember the last election for Oregon's governor in which we had to <br>
vote tactically to avoid vote splitting because of independent candidate <br>
Betsy Johnson getting money from a Nike co-founder. The referendum will <br>
solve that vote-splitting problem.<br>
<br>
In case it's important, I did not express opposition against the STAR <br>
voting initiative. I remained neutral because I used to know lots of <br>
people who live in Eugene and I want them to get a better election <br>
system. (I agree that STAR voting is better than plurality.) In fact, <br>
long ago, I used to tell friends in Eugene we need to be using <br>
"order-of-preference ballots." That was back in the mid 1990's, long <br>
before STAR voting was invented in Eugene, long before the name "ranked <br>
choice voting" was introduced, and back when I attended so many dances <br>
in Eugene that some people in Eugene thought I lived there. Getting <br>
back to the present, I was genuinely curious to see how Eugene voters <br>
would respond to your initiative.<br>
<br>
The Eugene defeat of STAR voting reveals that a huge number of Eugene <br>
voters correctly recognize that ranked choice ballots, with a <br>
well-chosen counting method, are better than STAR ballots.<br>
<br>
<br>
In a bigger context, any attempts to defeat the November referendum <br>
could lead to planet-wide suicide!<br>
<br>
Back in the 1970's, while living in Corvallis, I did all the coursework <br>
for a master's degree in Atmospheric Science at Oregon State University. <br>
Plus I did a summer fellowship at the National Center for Atmospheric <br>
Research (NCAR) where I found and fixed a bug in one of their climate <br>
models. So I have known since the 1970s that our planet is in a very <br>
bad feedback loop where each loss of snow and ice coverage at the north <br>
and south poles reduces the sunlight reflected back into space, which <br>
increases solar absorption, which increases the rate at which the snow <br>
and ice melt. That understanding is part of what motivates me to pursue <br>
election-method reform with a sense of urgency.<br>
<br>
Adopting a better election system is the tipping point that will switch <br>
governments into climate-relevant action instead of further delays.<br>
<br>
Plus it will dramatically increase economic prosperity for Oregon after <br>
we adopt a well-designed election system for electing our Oregon state <br>
representatives. (That's the next step after adopting this referendum.) <br>
(And consider that better economic prosperity will reduce <br>
domino-effect symptoms such as homelessness and crime.)<br>
<br>
<br>
In the meantime our Oregon state legislature is giving us this huge <br>
opportunity to implement election-method reform that will help <br>
civilization reach much higher levels of democracy.<br>
<br>
At the national level, higher levels of democracy will "uncrazify" our <br>
crazy U.S. elections so we can fill Congress with problem-solving <br>
leaders. They will replace any members of Congress who persist in being <br>
puppets of their biggest campaign contributors.<br>
<br>
You and the fans of STAR voting have helped make this happen. You <br>
pushed back against the FairVote organization's flawed version of <br>
"their" vote-counting method so that Oregon election-method experts <br>
could write a well-designed referendum.<br>
<br>
<br>
I'm aware that Mark Frohnmayer, who provides lots of the funding to <br>
promote STAR voting, originally was a fan of instant-runoff voting. <br>
That's because decades ago a friend in Eugene sent me a clipping of the <br>
article in the Eugene Register Guard newspaper about him promoting that <br>
method. Since then, you, Mark Frohnmayer, and I have seen and heard <br>
each other during verbal testimony to the Oregon state legislature. If <br>
you should want to meet via video to ask any questions, I'm open to that <br>
form of communication.<br>
<br>
While looking up the correct spelling for Frohnmayer I was reminded that <br>
Mark's father, Dave, lost an election to become Oregon governor because <br>
of vote splitting (partly because of spiteful funding to Al Mobley as a <br>
spoiler candidate). That's sad because Dave Frohnmayer would have been <br>
a great governor.<br>
<br>
In November we have an opportunity to adopt an election system that, if <br>
it had been used back then, would have elected Mark's father, Dave, in <br>
spite of the presence of an intentional spoiler candidate.<br>
<br>
<br>
All of you who promote STAR voting have lots to be proud of.<br>
<br>
* You have helped educate huge numbers of voters about the need for <br>
better ballots.<br>
<br>
* You have taught huge numbers of voters about vote splitting.<br>
<br>
* Wisely you have pushed to allow a voter to mark more than one <br>
candidate at the same preference level.<br>
<br>
* You have exposed the FairVote organization's lie that the candidate <br>
with the fewest transferred votes is always least popular.<br>
<br>
<br>
Let's build on the election-method reform foundation we have been <br>
building together throughout many years.<br>
<br>
I look forward to working with you, rather than against you, as we take <br>
advantage of the huge election reform the Oregon legislature has wisely <br>
given to us.<br>
<br>
We don't have time for any more misunderstandings. Glaciers are melting <br>
faster than elections are being improved.<br>
<br>
Richard Fobes<br>
The VoteFair guy<br>
----<br>
Election-Methods mailing list - see <a href="https://electorama.com/em" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://electorama.com/em</a> for list info<br>
</blockquote></div>