<div dir="auto">Of course many or most jurisdictions here use the old system of punched or inked bubbles, & so, arguably, it would cost more to install the scanning equipment for reading handwritten numbers.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">But of course ranked-balloting machine-read requires new ballot-reading equipment anyway, & so it isn’t obvious that the number-scanning would cost more.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In any case, “cost more” & “ wouldn’t work” aren’t the same thing.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Unlimited rankings with the the bubble-lines would make big square ballots whose size could get unreasonable.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Someone said that most rank-balloting implementations here only allow a few rank-positions. If only 3 rank-positions are allowed, then it would be conceivably possible to not need any new balloting-equipment—Just have a separate line & bubble for each rank-position for each candidate.<br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Of course, unlike with Approval, there’s no way around rank-methods’ need for new software.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Of course more ballot-cards would then be needed, if a separate line is used for each rank-position for each candidate.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Another benefit of the short rankings would be less count-computation.<br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">..& then, autodeterence with full rankings would be less needed, & so there’d be less reason to not use Smith//Approval(implicit) or CW,Approval((implicit), where we should only rank what we like. …for an easy obvious motivation & explanation, & choosing by likedness.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In a STAR poll, CW,Approval(implicit) beat the other Condorcet versions.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">But of course, allowing long rankings allows the more deluxe Condorcet methods to bring their benefits.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">(I only propose Condorcet for jurisdictions where people insist on rankings, & for certain polls, such as the current one here.)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Condorcet easily allows equal-ranking with no problem, & proposal of forbidding equal-ranking in Condorcet is nearly unheard-of.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">What if someone ranks a candidate at two or three rank-positions? No problem. Determine the arithmetical mean of those rank-position numbers, & round off to the nearest integer.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">What if that arithmetical mean ends with “.5” ?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">No problem. Then use the geometric mean. Geometric mean will be lower than arithmetical mean, so it just then amounts to rounding the rank-position number down.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">(…lower rank-number = higher ranking)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Apr 24, 2024 at 22:59 Michael Ossipoff <<a href="mailto:email9648742@gmail.com">email9648742@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div><br></div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Apr 24, 2024 at 21:08 Richard, the VoteFair guy <<a href="mailto:electionmethods@votefair.org" target="_blank">electionmethods@votefair.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)">On 4/24/2024 1:46 PM, Chris Benham wrote:<br>
<br>
> On 25/04/2024 4:04 am, Richard, the VoteFair guy wrote:<br>
>> Here in Oregon we use a pen to fill in empty ovals on a paper ballot.<br>
<br>
> So why not change to writing numbers in boxes? Aren't the<br>
> voters there numerate?<br>
<br>
Numerate? Probably some aren't.<br>
<br>
Also remember some voters are reading the ballot in a non-English language!<br>
<br>
Also remember that ALL ballots are counted by machine. And fast. There <br>
isn't time to deal with handwriting issues.<br>
</blockquote><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I believe that the current idea is to use reliable machine-reading of the handwritten numbers.</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><br>
> (And wouldn't that use less paper?)<br>
<br>
Of course. But asking voters to write numbers would be harder to "sell" <br>
to voters than "selling" ranked choice ballots (regardless of how they <br>
are counted).<br>
</blockquote><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You forgot to tell why you think so.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><br>
I've heard Australians suggest boxes before. THEY WILL NOT WORK HERE IN <br>
THE UNITED STATES! For multiple reasons, including others I don't have <br>
time to explain.</blockquote><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">How regrettable that you don’t have time to explain any valid reason why written numbers won’t work in the United States.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I wasn’t going to start commenting on statements yet, but this time I couldn’t resist saying something.</div></div></div><div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)" dir="auto"><br>
<br>
<br>
> ... that causes mono-raise (aka monotonicity) failure ...<br>
> ... meets Dominant Candidate ... and Later-no-Harm and<br>
> Later-no-Help and Clone-Loser and Mono-add-top and the Plurality<br>
> criterion ...<br>
> ... fails Clone-Winner and (therefore) Dominant Coalition ...<br>
> ... Condorcet criterion ...<br>
> ... fail Later-no-Harm, Later-no-Help and Mono-add-Top.<br>
<br>
Pass versus fail criteria are meaningful to math savvy folks, but <br>
meaningless to voters.<br>
<br>
What voters want is a method that rarely fails to elect who they think <br>
should have won. Yes, that's subjective.<br>
<br>
HOW OFTEN a method fails -- according to what they think is "common <br>
sense" -- is much more meaningful than pass-versus-fail!<br>
<br>
I'll continue to repeat this point if you continue to talk about <br>
pass-fail criteria as if voters care about well-defined criteria.<br>
<br>
This includes the Condorcet criterion, which not all voters think is the <br>
best kind of "majority" support the winner needs. You can blame <br>
FairVote and Star fans for undermining the importance of the Condorcet <br>
criterion (in favor of other ways to judge "majority" support).<br>
<br>
BTW, I used to believe the Condorcet winner always deserves to win. And <br>
I reserve the right to claim that in the future. But while I'm fighting <br>
misinformation from FairVote and Star fans I'm needing to relax the <br>
importance of Condorcet failures somewhat.<br>
<br>
<br>
Again, thank you for writing clearly so that it takes me less time to <br>
answer.<br>
<br>
Richard Fobes<br>
The VoteFair guy<br>
<br>
<br>
On 4/24/2024 1:46 PM, Chris Benham wrote:<br>
> Richard,<br>
> <br>
>> In Australia your voters write a ranking number (for each candidate) <br>
>> in a box. So you only need one box per candidate.<br>
>><br>
>> Here in Oregon we use a pen to fill in empty ovals on a paper ballot.<br>
> <br>
> So why not change to writing numbers in boxes? Aren't the voters there <br>
> numerate? (And wouldn't that use less paper?)<br>
> <br>
>> As a result, ballot "real estate" prevents us from printing as many <br>
>> choice columns as candidates. <br>
> <br>
> With that limitation my enthusiasm for both IRV and Benham evaporates. <br>
> Instead I would recommend Smith//Approval(implicit) with of course <br>
> equal-ranking allowed. That might be my high Social Utility <br>
> bang-for-buck champion in any case.<br>
> <br>
>> IRV's rule of assuming the candidate with the fewest highest-ranking <br>
>> marks is least popular is the "body" that isn't well designed.<br>
> <br>
> Let me offer two versions of Hare (aka IRV) explaining its <br>
> motivation/justification as an improvement on FPP (aka the Single <br>
> Non-Transferable Vote, aka plurality).<br>
> <br>
> *1. I see plurality has a "spoiler" problem and sometimes the winner <br>
> doesn't get a "majority". I'll fix that by one-at-a-time eliminating <br>
> weak candidates because I'm too stupid to realise that causes mono-raise <br>
> (aka monotonicity) failure, and my measure of weakness will be <br>
> favourite-of-the-fewest-among-remaining- candidates because I'm lazy and <br>
> simple-minded and too stupid to realise that causes failure of Condorcet.<br>
> <br>
> So I really am a very badly designed and flawed method, so even STAR is <br>
> better and nearly every Condorcet method is much better in every way.<br>
> <br>
> 2. The SNTV meets Dominant Candidate (meaning that a candidate X that <br>
> is voted below no others on a number of ballots that is greater than X's <br>
> maximum pairwise opposition must win), and Later-no-Harm and <br>
> Later-no-Help and Clone-Loser and Mono-add-top and the Plurality <br>
> criterion. In these ways I refuse to be worse. But unfortunately SNTV <br>
> fails Clone-Winner and (therefore) Dominant Coalition. I will fix that <br>
> without losing any of those previously mentioned good properties.<br>
> <br>
> So I am doing that in the only way possible. Therefore I am well <br>
> designed method and not "flawed". Any modification of my algorithm or <br>
> any kludge stuck on me will cause me to lose some of my good properties. <br>
> For example forcing me to meet the Condorcet criterion will cause me to <br>
> fail Later-no-Harm, Later-no-Help and Mono-add-Top. If you don't share <br>
> my criteria priorities you don't have to like me, but maybe you now have <br>
> some idea why some people like and/or respect me.*<br>
> <br>
> Guess which one I think is correct. "Dominant Candidate" and "Dominant <br>
> Coalition" are irrelevant ballot independent (stronger) versions of <br>
> Majority and Mutual Majority (aka Majority for Solid Coalitions) that I <br>
> coined.<br>
> <br>
> Chris B.<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
> On 25/04/2024 4:04 am, Richard, the VoteFair guy wrote:<br>
>> On 4/22/2024 9:23 AM, Chris Benham wrote:<br>
>><br>
>> > Your approach is like that of a quite bad and sloppy designer of a car<br>
>> > or a plane. Every time it crashes you just stick another kludge on it<br>
>> > designed to only guard against another crash just like the most <br>
>> recent one.<br>
>><br>
>> Actually I'm moving a poorly designed car body (fenders, roof, doors, <br>
>> etc) from a poorly designed chassis (wheels, brakes, engine, drive <br>
>> train, etc) to a well-designed chassis (new wheels, new brakes, new <br>
>> engine, new drive train, etc). Later we can replace the poorly <br>
>> designed body with a better-looking body. Then we'll have a <br>
>> well-designed car.<br>
>><br>
>> To clarify, eliminating pairwise losing candidates and using ranked <br>
>> choice ballots is the "chassis" in this analogy. IRV's rule of <br>
>> assuming the candidate with the fewest highest-ranking marks is least <br>
>> popular is the "body" that isn't well designed.<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> > For IRV (aka Hare) I am strongly in favour of allowing unlimited strict<br>
>> > ranking from the top. I was talking about a reasonable relatively <br>
>> benign<br>
>> > way of dealing with equal-ranking in defiance of the ballot rules. In<br>
>> > Australia I think the whole ballot is not counted, and binned as<br>
>> > "informal". Normally there should be nothing stopping you from ranking<br>
>> > the most evil candidates strictly below all the others.<br>
>><br>
>> In Australia your voters write a ranking number (for each candidate) <br>
>> in a box. So you only need one box per candidate.<br>
>><br>
>> Here in Oregon we use a pen to fill in empty ovals on a paper ballot.<br>
>><br>
>> Too many ovals (beyond about seven) per candidate inflates the paper <br>
>> ballot size to unreasonable dimensions. Already, with just one oval <br>
>> per candidate, the ballot covers both sides of a large paper ballot, <br>
>> and sometimes there are two ballot pages.<br>
>><br>
>> As a result, ballot "real estate" prevents us from printing as many <br>
>> choice columns as candidates.<br>
>><br>
>> This limitation, plus the silly rule of not correctly counting two or <br>
>> more marks in the same choice column -- so-called "overvotes" -- stops <br>
>> us from being able to rank all other candidates above our <br>
>> most-disliked candidate.<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> > Assuming you can pair up all the "over-voting" ballots in this way, <br>
>> this<br>
>> > seems to be equivalent to dividing the votes up into equal fractions<br>
>> > that sum to 1.<br>
>><br>
>> Yes, those of us who understand math recognize that decimal numbers <br>
>> work fine. But few voters, and very few politicians, understand math. <br>
>> Especially fractions and decimal numbers.<br>
>><br>
>> > But what if you can't pair them all off, or someone votes<br>
>> > more than two candidates at the same ranking level?<br>
>><br>
>> That error is almost similar to truncating the decimal numbers to the <br>
>> nearest smallest integer. The "almost" refers to a few ballots that <br>
>> can't be "paired up with" an equivalent preference pattern.<br>
>><br>
>> That "pairing" also works with three ballots with the same three <br>
>> top-ranked candidates. And it works with four ballots ranking the <br>
>> same four candidates highest. Etc.<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> >>> If there are "failure types" in need of names, what's stopping you<br>
>> >>> from giving them names? ...<br>
>><br>
>> >> Time and money.<br>
>><br>
>> > I wasn't talking about for the purpose of discussions in the<br>
>> > mass media or to get text books or dictionaries changed. I was<br>
>> > just talking about just for the purpose of (hopefully<br>
>> > somewhat rigorous) discussion here.<br>
>><br>
>> My time is still a huge limiting factor. I'm juggling lots of <br>
>> projects. That's why I don't have time to reply to as many messages <br>
>> here as I'd like.<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> Chris, I'm grateful that your messages are well-written. That makes <br>
>> them easier to reply to. Thank you for taking the time to write clearly!<br>
>><br>
>> Richard Fobes<br>
>> The VoteFair guy<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> On 4/22/2024 9:23 AM, Chris Benham wrote:<br>
>>> Richard,<br>
>>><br>
>>>> Horrible, yes. Garbage, no, because STAR a clever way to improve<br>
>>>> single-winner score voting.<br>
>>> It trashes Score voting's compliance with Favorite Betrayal and <br>
>>> Participation to gain merely Condorcet Loser. Pure genius. If it is <br>
>>> an attempt to "improve" Score voting (which I have great difficulty <br>
>>> believing) then I don't agree that it qualifies as "clever".<br>
>>><br>
>>>> > If there are "failure types" in need of names, what's stopping you <br>
>>>> from<br>
>>>> > giving them names? ...<br>
>>>><br>
>>>> Time and money.<br>
>>> I wasn't talking about for the purpose of discussions in the mass <br>
>>> media or to get text books or dictionaries changed. I was just <br>
>>> talking about just for the purpose of (hopefully somewhat rigorous) <br>
>>> discussion here.<br>
>>><br>
>>>> Our goal is to rise way above plurality. Accepting limitations of<br>
>>>> plurality is unnecessary.<br>
>>>><br>
>>>> Why impose any extra strategic burden on the voter?<br>
>>><br>
>>> I agree that that should be avoided. As you would know if you read my <br>
>>> previous posts here about STAR, the strategic burden it places on the <br>
>>> voter is vastly greater than the one imposed by plurality (aka FPP).<br>
>>><br>
>>> Both have Compromise incentive while STAR also has very strong <br>
>>> Push-over incentive.<br>
>>><br>
>>>> > I think it is reasonable to treat ballots that (against the ballot<br>
>>>> > rules) equal-rank above bottom as though they truncated at that <br>
>>>> point.<br>
>>>> > Doing otherwise (as I think you advocate) without a quite complex<br>
>>>> > procedure I suggest makes the method a bit more vulnerable to <br>
>>>> Push-over<br>
>>>> > strategy.<br>
>>>><br>
>>>> I and most voters want to be able to rank an evil candidate -- Gollum,<br>
>>>> Voldemoron, etc. -- below all other candidates. Truncation means the<br>
>>>> evil candidate is as acceptable as other "bad" candidates.<br>
>>>><br>
>>> For IRV (aka Hare) I am strongly in favour of allowing unlimited <br>
>>> strict ranking from the top. I was talking about a reasonable <br>
>>> relatively benign way of dealing with equal-ranking in defiance of <br>
>>> the ballot rules. In Australia I think the whole ballot is not <br>
>>> counted, and binned as "informal". Normally there should be nothing <br>
>>> stopping you from ranking the most evil candidates strictly below all <br>
>>> the others.<br>
>>><br>
>>>> I've written code that correctly counts so-called "overvotes." It's <br>
>>>> not<br>
>>>> a "complex procedure":<br>
>>>><br>
>>>> <a href="https://github.com/cpsolver/VoteFair-ranking-cpp/blob/master/rcipe_stv.cpp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://github.com/cpsolver/VoteFair-ranking-cpp/blob/master/rcipe_stv.cpp</a><br>
>>>> When shared preference levels are encountered,<br>
>>>> // the ballots are transfered in "whole" numbers,<br>
>>>> // not by splitting a ballot into fractional or<br>
>>>> // decimal portions. For example, during a<br>
>>>> // counting cycle, if there are two ballots that<br>
>>>> // rank candidates numbered 1 and 2 at the same<br>
>>>> // highest ranking level, one of the ballots will<br>
>>>> // transfer to candidate 1 and the other ballot<br>
>>>> // will transfer to candidate 2.<br>
>>>> //<br>
>>><br>
>>> Assuming you can pair up all the "over-voting" ballots in this way, <br>
>>> this seems to be equivalent to dividing the votes up into equal <br>
>>> fractions that sum to 1. But what if you can't pair them all off, or <br>
>>> someone votes more than two candidates at the same ranking level?<br>
>>><br>
>>> I didn't express myself quite clearly enough. The "complex procedure" <br>
>>> I referred is the one I, not you, suggest. I didn't bother <br>
>>> describing it.<br>
>>><br>
>>> I think that if we allow above-bottom equal-ranking in IRV or Benham, <br>
>>> then if among remaining candidates some ballots rank more than one <br>
>>> candidate equal-top then we make a provisional order of the <br>
>>> candidates by counting those ballots as equal fractions summing to 1.<br>
>>> (A=B counts as half a vote to each of A and B, A=B=C counts as a <br>
>>> third of a vote to each of A and B and C, and so on. Now it would be <br>
>>> fine for this to be the final order for deciding which candidate to <br>
>>> next eliminate were it not for the fact that it makes Push-over <br>
>>> strategising easier.) Then we count the equal top (among remaining <br>
>>> candidates) ballots again, this time they give a whole vote to <br>
>>> whichever of the ones they equal rank to the one that was highest in <br>
>>> the provisional order. (So an A=B ballot gives a whole vote to <br>
>>> whichever of A and B was higher in the provisional order, and of <br>
>>> course nothing to B.)<br>
>>><br>
>>> This is fully in the spirit of the Single Transferable Vote but I <br>
>>> think you will agree that it is complex. I don't think allowing <br>
>>> above-bottom equal-ranking in those methods is so important, nor do I <br>
>>> think there would be any significant demand for that from voters, so <br>
>>> I don't advocate allowing it for those methods.<br>
>>><br>
>>>> I'm bothered by the failures in Burlington and Alaska. But those were<br>
>>>> not just Condorcet failures. They also were IIA failures,<br>
>>>> center-squeeze failures, etc.<br>
>>> It is the most basic theory that all remotely reasonable methods <br>
>>> fail IIA, so why are we even mentioning that? And isn't <br>
>>> "center-squeeze" just a vague concept used in anti-IRV propaganda? <br>
>>> What is the precise definition of a "center-squeeze failure"?<br>
>>><br>
>>> Your approach is like that of a quite bad and sloppy designer of a <br>
>>> car or a plane. Every time it crashes you just stick another kludge <br>
>>> on it designed to only guard against another crash just like the most <br>
>>> recent one.<br>
>>><br>
>>> Chris B.<br>
>>><br>
>>> *Richard, the VoteFair guy*electionmethods at <a href="http://votefair.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">votefair.org</a> <br>
>>> <mailto:<a href="mailto:election-methods%2540lists.electorama.com" target="_blank">election-methods%40lists.electorama.com</a>?Subject=Re%3A%20%5BEM%5D%20Poll%2C%20preliminary%20ballots&In-Reply-To=%3C632ea079-e977-441c-bf19-41522d2d8eee%<a href="http://40votefair.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">40votefair.org</a>%3E><br>
>>> /Sat Apr 20 10:30:57 PDT 2024/<br>
>>><br>
>>><br>
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
>>><br>
>>> On 4/19/2024 1:15 AM, Chris Benham wrote:<br>
>>><br>
>>> > ... It is not garbage like STAR.<br>
>>> > ...<br>
>>> > ... STAR is a horrible method that is very highly<br>
>>> > vulnerable to both Compromise and Pushover.<br>
>>><br>
>>> Horrible, yes. Garbage, no, because it's a clever way to improve<br>
>>> single-winner score voting. It's useful among friends when voting is<br>
>>> not anonymous. Or when "dishonest" exaggeration cannot be hidden.<br>
>>><br>
>>> > If there are "failure types" in need of names, what's stopping <br>
>>> you from<br>
>>> > giving them names? ...<br>
>>><br>
>>> Time and money. Unlike two STAR promoters, the folks at FairVote, and<br>
>>> academic professors, I'm not getting paid to promote or advance<br>
>>> election-method reform.<br>
>>><br>
>>> >> Approval voting requires tactical voting. There's no way to <br>
>>> avoid it.<br>
>>> > The strategic burden on the voter is certainly no greater than with<br>
>>> > FPP. ...<br>
>>><br>
>>> Our goal is to rise way above plurality. Accepting limitations of<br>
>>> plurality is unnecessary.<br>
>>><br>
>>> Why impose any extra strategic burden on the voter?<br>
>>><br>
>>> >> Another difference from IRV is about what FairVote calls <br>
>>> "overvotes."<br>
>>> >> RCIPE counts them correctly. ...<br>
>>> > I think it is reasonable to treat ballots that (against the ballot<br>
>>> > rules) equal-rank above bottom as though they truncated at that <br>
>>> point.<br>
>>> > Doing otherwise (as I think you advocate) without a quite complex<br>
>>> > procedure I suggest makes the method a bit more vulnerable to <br>
>>> Push-over<br>
>>> > strategy.<br>
>>><br>
>>> I and most voters want to be able to rank an evil candidate -- Gollum,<br>
>>> Voldemoron, etc. -- below all other candidates. Truncation means the<br>
>>> evil candidate is as acceptable as other "bad" candidates.<br>
>>><br>
>>> I've written code that correctly counts so-called "overvotes." It's not<br>
>>> a "complex procedure":<br>
>>><br>
>>> <a href="https://github.com/cpsolver/VoteFair-ranking-cpp/blob/master/rcipe_stv.cpp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://github.com/cpsolver/VoteFair-ranking-cpp/blob/master/rcipe_stv.cpp</a><br>
>>><br>
>>> >> Avoiding any failures in REAL elections is what I'm "buying" by<br>
>>> >> advocating RCIPE instead of IRV.<br>
>>> > I'm still baffled as to why, if you don't like Condorcet <br>
>>> failures, you<br>
>>> > don't simply advocate a Condorcet method. How is the argument "Let's<br>
>>> > lose strict compliance with several criteria met by IRV so that <br>
>>> we can<br>
>>> > somewhat more often elect the Condorcet winner" better than<br>
>>> > "Let's lose strict compliance with several criteria met by IRV so <br>
>>> that<br>
>>> > we can ALWAYS elect the Condorcet winner"??<br>
>>><br>
>>> I'm bothered by the failures in Burlington and Alaska. But those were<br>
>>> not just Condorcet failures. They also were IIA failures,<br>
>>> center-squeeze failures, etc.<br>
>>><br>
>>> I want fewer failures in real elections. I don't care about convoluted<br>
>>> scenarios that would never occur in a real election.<br>
>>><br>
>>> Again, thank you for this useful discussion. I appreciate that you<br>
>>> really want to understand why I rank some methods better than others.<br>
>>><br>
>>> Richard Fobes<br>
>>> The VoteFair guy<br>
>>><br>
>>><br>
>>> ----<br>
>>> Election-Methods mailing list - see <a href="https://electorama.com/em" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://electorama.com/em</a> for <br>
>>> list info<br>
>> ----<br>
>> Election-Methods mailing list - see <a href="https://electorama.com/em" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://electorama.com/em</a> for list <br>
>> info<br>
----<br>
Election-Methods mailing list - see <a href="https://electorama.com/em" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://electorama.com/em</a> for list info<br>
</blockquote></div></div>
</blockquote></div></div>