<div><br></div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Feb 20, 2024 at 00:10 robert bristow-johnson <<a href="mailto:rbj@audioimagination.com">rbj@audioimagination.com</a>> wrote:</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div style="margin-bottom:45px"><div style="font-size:10pt"><div dir="auto"><p dir="ltr" style="font-size:medium">The unavoidable question is how much should a voter is how much should I score or approve my sec
ond-choice candidate? If I score them too high (or Approve them), I reduce or lose my vote for my favorite.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-size:medium">What if it turns out that the race was most competitive between my top two choices? Then I'll regret Approving (or high scoring) my second-choice candidate. Especially if my less-preferred candidate wins <br></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-size:medium">But then what if it's a competitive race between my second-choice and the candidate I hate? Then I'll regret *not* Approving (or low scoring) my second-choice candidate. Especially if my less-preferred candidate wins.</p><p dir="ltr" style="font-size:medium">[…]</p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div style="margin-bottom:45px"><div style="font-size:10pt"><div dir="auto"><p dir="ltr" style="font-size:medium">But then we have to at least think about whether to Approve our second-choice. We don't wanna waste our vote approving our second-choice candidate and hurting our first choice. But we also don't wanna harm our second-choice to defeat the candidate we loathe.</p></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="auto">So the problem is that you don’t know whether your objectively-optimal vote (the one that would maximize your utility over many similar elections) would be to approve or not approve your 2nd choice.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">No problem. Neither do the other voters, so don’t worry about it.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">A rank-balloting method is an automatic-machine that receives your preference-ordering as input, & then outputs an answer.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It does everything for you.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Fine, but, as Arrow showed, & likewise does the incompatibility between Participation & the Condorcet Criterion, every rank method is a rather imperfect contraption.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Additionally, every method other than Approval can be criticized as arbitrary.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">“Why this one instead of some other one?”</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Approval is the absolute minimal method that allows & counts multicandidate merit-comparison-expression (y/n ratings, in this absolute minimal method) for a multicandidate election. …an obvious requirement for democracy.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">…& being absolute-minimal makes Approval the unique completely unarbitrary method.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">… in addition to conferring an elegance possessed by no other method.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Approval is the simple, reliable handtool (as opposed to an automatic machine). Yes, it’s a different kind of voting, different from rankings.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You might want an automatic-machine to do it all for you, but that comes at a price (in addition to the already mentioned ones):</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Harder to define, describe, explain, propose, enact, implement, administer, & audit against error & count-fraud.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I claim that those big disadvantages, those big losses of Approval’s advantages, are much too high a price to pay for having it all done for you by an automatic-machine.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Much better to just trust voters to be able to use Approval well.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">…& that’s even before mentioning that Approval’s Myerson-Weber equilibrium is the voter-median, where the CW is.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Achieving the objectively-optimal vote (defined above) with a cardinal method isn’t feasible. It would require guessing lots of difficultly-guessed probabilities, & estimating difficultly-estimated numerical utility-quantifications.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Forget it. Forget objectively-optimal voting. That isn’t how Approval, or any cardinal method works.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Other than speaking of maximization of overall utility over many hypothetical repetitions of similar elections—objectively-optimal voting—probability & expectation are subjective.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">They’re based on what information you have & use.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">A shuffled & cut deck of cards is on the table. I take the top card, look at it, without showing it to you, & put it in my pocket.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I ask you the probability that the new top card is the ace of spades.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For you it’s 1/52. For me, it’s either zero or 1/51.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">There are many ways to vote, & many ways of choosing how to vote in Approval.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">…& any one of them maximizes your expectation based on the information you have & use.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This post is already too long, so I won’t go over all of them. But I listed lots of them in a recent post to the Voting Science Forum.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">But one is to just approve everyone you like. You thereby maximize your probability of the election of someone you like.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Approve whom you feel like approving, what feels like the best vote. Based on what you know & feel, it is.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You get the idea.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Which feels like a worse risk: that your 2nd choice will take the win from your 1st choice, or that your last choice will take the win from your 2nd choice m. Go with your feeling, if that’s your best information. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Maybe you have a feel for who the 2 frontrunners are. Fine. If that feeling your best </div><div dir="auto">Information then go with it & approve down to the better frontrunner. (…but don’t let the mass-media convince you that the 2 frontrunners are a greater evil & a lesser evil.)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Better than expectation: Maybe you perceive an expected merit for the outcome. …a feel for which candidates would be a pleasant surprise if elected.Then you can approve those above-expectation candidates, which will raise your expectation based on the information consisting of that feeling.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">If you have information about the likely CW, & that’s your best information, then approve down to hir.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I don’t claim to have listed here all the ways to choose how to vote in Approval, but you get the idea. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Approval is a completely different kind of voting from ranking, inputting your pairwise preference feelings into an automatic-machine that will do it all for you.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)"><div style="margin-bottom:45px"><div style="font-size:10pt"><div dir="auto"><p dir="ltr" style="font-size:medium"></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)" dir="auto">----<br>
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