<div dir="auto"><div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Aug 6, 2023, 4:57 AM Kristofer Munsterhjelm <<a href="mailto:km_elmet@t-online.de">km_elmet@t-online.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">On 8/6/23 03:11, Forest Simmons wrote:<br>
> The reason I'm willing to consider Implicit Approval at all is because <br>
> so far it's the only simple UD method we know of for generating a <br>
> monotone, clone free agenda for agenda based methods.<br>
> <br>
> [The Ranked Pair finish order might work, but surely there's a simpler <br>
> solution than that!]<br>
> <br>
> I do not think IA has any special burial resistance ... the burial <br>
> resistance is mostly if not entirely from the fact that in the three <br>
> candidate Smith case (the most common case by far when there is no <br>
> ballot CW) the lowest approval Smith candidate is the one most likely to <br>
> have been buried.<br>
> <br>
> From my point of view your comments about truncation are a little off <br>
> base because nothing would substantially change strategically if <br>
> truncations were not allowed at all, because IA should be defined as <br>
> total number of ballots minus the equal bottom count, and (in such a way <br>
> that) equal bottom candidates can be either ranked equal bottom or all <br>
> truncated together without affecting ting the IA scores.<br>
<br>
Sorry about that, I must've misunderstood. My impression</blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Your impression is the traditional flawed meaning of IA that Kevin, Chris, and I have been fighting against for quite a while ... without making too big a deal about it. DMC was the first context where we started making the distinction, since DMC is based on eliminating candidates from the bottom of the IA order until a pairwise unbeaten candidate emerges ... Benham based on IA elimination.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> of IA was that <br>
you'd basically count candidates that were explicitly ranked, so e.g. for<br>
<br>
12: A>B>C<br>
11: B>C>A<br>
10: C>A>B<br>
<br>
every candidate would have an IA count of 33, but if you did<br>
<br>
12: A<br>
11: B>C>A<br>
10: C>A>B<br>
<br>
then A would have an IA of 33, and the other two would have 21.<br>
<br>
> Candidate X's bottom count is the number of ballots on which X out ranks <br>
> no candidate, and her top count is the number of ballots on which she is <br>
> not outranked.<br>
> <br>
> X's implicit approval score is best defined as the total number of <br>
> ballots minus its bottom count plus epsilon times its top count.<br>
> <br>
> The epsilon term is the built in tie breaker that makes the method <br>
> highly decisive in public elections even when complete rankings are <br>
> required as in Australia.<br>
> <br>
> Keep in mind that the only purpose of the method, as far as we are <br>
> concerned is to get an agenda order that is both monotone and clone free <br>
> without going outside of UD.<br>
<br>
That's good: these methods should be testable without having to model <br>
where voters would put their approval cutoffs. That should give more <br>
evidence to whether methods using these orders are cloneproof, monotone, <br>
and burial resistant.[1]<br>
<br>
However, there's a slight complication. As I first noticed back when JGA <br>
was doing his simulations, impartial culture is overly nice to <br>
Antiplurality-type methods; IC simulations will say they're extremely <br>
good at resisting strategy. I never found out why - I think it's an <br>
artifact of the distribution, but I don't know what. But what it means <br>
is that I should probably create a spatial model before I start testing <br>
methods that use bottom counts :-)<br>
<br>
Hopefully I'll get to it, eventually, but I'm also probably going to <br>
think about whether there are ways to salvage method X, first.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I wonder if my old idea about max A>B restricted to A=Head and B=Tail would work. In ther words elect the head of the strongest minimal covering chain. The strength of a chain is the strength of the Head>Tail defeat. The covering requirement is that no candidate defeats every member of the chain. A minimal covering is one that ceases to cover when any of its members is removed.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">That requirement takes the place of the 1/n quota requirement.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The method is NP hard in general, but in practice (public elections) no minimal covering chain has more than two members. </div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
> If grade ballots or other judgment ballots are preferred, that would <br>
> suit me fine ... but it would be exterior to UD.<br>
> <br>
> My dream would be to have RCV ballots with optional strong approval and <br>
> strong disapproval annotations.<br>
> <br>
> To me it is much easier to make those heart felt decisions than to put <br>
> in one all purpose cutoff that is supposed to separate the generally <br>
> approved from the unapproved.<br>
> <br>
> The history of mathematics bears out this psychological observation <br>
> (about cutoff decisions): what we now call "calculus" was originally <br>
> "The Calculus of Infinitesimals" which involved distinguishing from <br>
> ordinary numbers those very close to zero and those very far from zero.<br>
> <br>
> That calculus was the basis of all of the progress in mathematics from <br>
> the time of Newton, Leibniz,Euler; the Bernoullis, Laplace, Gauss, etc <br>
> ... until the time of Cauchy, Weirstrauss and eventually Cantor, when <br>
> the logical foundations of "infinities" of various kinds came under <br>
> close scrutiny ... resulting in a reformulation of analysis in terms of <br>
> limits and other set theoretic constructs. Infinitesimals were put on <br>
> hold until set theoreticians and other mathematical logicians <br>
> (especially Abraham Robinson in the 1960's) finally advanced enough to <br>
> put infinitesimal calculus on a rigorous footing ... a system as <br>
> consistent as modern set theory itself ... which Euler and company had <br>
> long ago navigated flawlessly with their unerring intuition.<br>
> <br>
> This ability to have the top approval and bottom disapproval while still <br>
> distinguishing the rankswould be a great improvement over current <br>
> implicit approval that requires collapsing to equal top or equal bottom <br>
> for the ability express respective approval or disapproval .... the <br>
> agonizing decision of whether sacrificing ordinal information for <br>
> approval/ disapproval information is worth it.<br>
> <br>
> It seems to me that the decision of where to put these cutoffs would be <br>
> no harder than the current corresponding decisions about equal rankings <br>
> and truncations.<br>
> <br>
> Am I the only one that feels that way?<br>
<br>
I think it depends on the person. Myself, I find ranking easier than <br>
rating, because I'm always trying (and failing) to find some natural <br>
calibrated scale when rating, but ranking is easy: just "do I prefer a <br>
world with X to one with Y?". And then if it's below my JND, equal-rank.<br></blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">To me "Below my JND" is the same as "infinitely close." And "I strongly approve X" means I consider X to be infinitely close to my favorite. "I strongly disapprove Z" means I consider Z to be infinitely close to my anti-favorite.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
I seem to recall that you said you get a feeling for a natural scale <br>
after rating for long enough, in reference to grading papers.</blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Try to rank all of the student solutions to problem one, then to problem two, then to problem three, etc and then use those rankings to get a finish order among the students ... and you still have to decide where in the finish order to put the cutoffs for the different grades.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">My other source of intuition for "infinitely close" to ballot favorite or ballot anti-favorite ... that is strongly approved or disapproved ... is the Internal Set Theory formulation of "infinitely close" in any standard topological space whether metrizeable or not:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">If P is a standard point of a standard topological space S, then point X is infinitely close to P </div><div dir="auto">if and only if </div><div dir="auto">X is in every standard neighborhood of P.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> Perhaps <br>
that is true; perhaps most people find a natural rating scale and I'm <br>
the odd one out.<br>
<br>
Some cases are clear cut: if I were faced with an election with a bunch <br>
of contemporary candidates, and then Stalin and Hitler, I know where I <br>
would put my cutoff. But generalizing it in a more nuanced multiparty <br>
environment is hard. For instance, the Norwegian parties currently <br>
represented in Parliament are, from left to right:<br>
<br>
Red Party<br>
Socialist Left<br>
Green Party<br>
Labor<br>
Patient Focus<br>
Center Party<br>
Christian Democrats<br>
Liberal Party<br>
Conservative Party<br>
Progress Party<br>
<br>
These are all democratic parties in the sense that they support the <br>
continuation of parliamentary democracy. There are no Orban-style <br>
autocrats, and thus nobody to really "intensely disapprove of" as such. <br>
Sure, there are some whose policies I'd rather not have be enacted, but <br>
not on that level.<br>
<br>
Perhaps I would disapprove of the other end of the scale from where my <br>
preferences lie, but if you were to add a (hypothetical) Stalinist party <br>
and a Norwegian NSDAP (to mirror the Stalin and Hitler example above), <br>
then my disapproval thresholds would probably change so that I would <br>
disapprove of those two and approve of all the democratic parties.<br>
<br>
And what that suggests to me is that when multiparty rule happens and <br>
there's more of a gradual scale, then it gets harder to place dividing <br>
lines, </blockquote></div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You seem to be forgetting that strong approval and strong disapproval are optional designations. If you do not feel strongly about approving or disapproving a candidate, then you cannot honestly use those designations.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In infinitesimal calculus, you are not required to classify every number you use as infinitely large, infinitesimal, or neither ... but it is nice to have those options.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">and that it's difficult to create an approval expression that <br>
doesn't inherently violate the spirit of IIA due to calibration issues.<br>
<br>
But it might just be me!<br>
<br>
-km<br>
<br>
[1] I'm not sure how it could be cloneproof though? Neither top nor <br>
bottom preferences are cloneproof.<br>
</blockquote></div></div></div>