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<div class="PlainText elementToProof">Today's Topics:<br>
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TO: Richar Lung</div>
<div class="PlainText elementToProof"><span> FROM: Steve Bosworth</span></div>
<div class="PlainText elementToProof"><span>Richard, in response to your appropriate valuing of<font size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt" class="ContentPasted0"> "multi-member range of representation" in your contribution fully repeated below, I wonder whether
you might see the use of grades rather than numbers in my description of evaluative proportional representation (EPR) as even more appreciative of "the consideration that individual candidates hold an over-lapping group or "party" of opinions. Voters support
for parties themselves become less and less partisan with more particular choices of parties in proportionally elected multi-member constituencies. So, it may be the CW becomes less and less an absolute individual choice, within the wider context of personal
proportional representation, in multi-member constituencies.</span></font>"<br>
</span></div>
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<blockquote style="margin-left:0in;margin-right:1.03in;background:transparent;line-height:150%;margin-bottom:0.1in;border-top:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:1px solid #cccccc;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.01in;padding-right:0in">
<font color="#000000"><b class="ContentPasted1">Evaluative Proportional Representation</b></font></blockquote>
<p style="line-height:150%;margin-bottom:0.1in;background:transparent;margin-left:0.07in;margin-right:0.21in">
<font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000">EPR invites you to vote most expressively by grading at least one candidate’s suitability for office as either Excellent, Very Good, Good, or Acceptable. You can grade Poor or Reject for any candidates you find unacceptable
to hold office. You can award the same grade to more than one candidate. As follows, you are guaranteed that your one EPR vote of at least Acceptable will quantitatively increase the voting power (weighted vote) in the council of the elected candidate who
you awarded the “highest possible grade”.</font></p>
<h1 class="western" style="line-height:150%;margin-right:0.39in;margin-top:0.25in;margin-bottom:0.04in;background:transparent;break-after:avoid;font-weight:bold">
<font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">How EPR Counts Grades</span></font></h1>
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<font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000">For an EPR at-large election of a seven-member council, each of the seven elected candidates must have received one of the seven largest numbers of grades of at least Acceptable from all the ballots cast. Your vote
and every other citizen’s vote are added to one of the different <i class="ContentPasted1">
weighted votes </i>that will be held by one of the elected members of the council. The council represents 100% of the votes cast – no vote is wasted in the sense that it does not help any candidate to win.</font></p>
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<font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000">Except in two circumstances, your one vote adds to the weighted vote in the council of the</font></p>
<p style="line-height:150%;margin-bottom:0in;background:transparent;margin-left:0.07in;margin-right:0.07in;margin-top:0.09in">
<font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000">highest-graded candidate on your ballot. If you awarded this highest grade to more than one candidate, it is exclusively added to the candidate who will have the largest number of these grades as a result. This is
justified by the democratic assumption that, other things being equal, the candidate with a larger number of votes is probably better.</font></p>
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<font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000"><u class="ContentPasted1">The first exception</u> is when that candidate has received too few grades of at least Acceptable from all the ballots cast to be elected. In this event, your ballot is automatically transferred
to the candidate on your ballot to whom you awarded your remaining highest grade. If no such eligible candidate is graded on your ballot, your ballot automatically becomes your proxy vote. This proxy is finally added to the weighted vote of the elected candidate
publicly judged by your highest-graded candidate to be most fit for office. You can prohibit this use of your proxy vote by specifying this on your ballot.</font></p>
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</p>
<p style="line-height:150%;margin-bottom:0.1in;background:transparent;margin-left:0.07in;margin-right:0.03in">
<font color="#000000"><u class="ContentPasted1">The second exception</u></font><font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000"> can result from your highest-graded candidate having received
</font><font color="#000000"><i class="ContentPasted1">too many highest grades </i>
</font><font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000">from all the ballots cast. To avoid the remote but anti-democratic possibility of an elected candidate being able to dictate to the council by retaining more than 50% of all the weighted votes in the council,
</font><font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000">our</font><font class="ContentPasted1" color="#000000"> EPR algorithm does not allow a member to retain more than 20% of all the votes cast. This requires at least three members to agree before any majority
decision can be made in the council. If the candidate to whom you gave your highest grade received more than 20% of the votes, your ballot could be selected by lot as one of the surplus ballots to be automatically transferred to the remaining highest-graded
candidate on your ballot. If no such eligible candidate is graded on your ballot, your
</font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">ballot automatically becomes your proxy vote and is transferred to the weighted vote of one of the winners as described earlier. As a result, your EPR vote equally adds
to the weighted vote of the winner who finally receives your highest grade, remaining highest grade, or proxy vote – the winner you
</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">are most
</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">likely to
</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">see as</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif"> represent</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">ing</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">
your hopes and concerns </font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">accuratel</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">y. As a result, each EPR council
member has a different </font></font><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><i class="ContentPasted1">weighted vote
</i></font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">in the council, exactly equal to the total number of ballots counted for them. [</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">Feel
free to ask for the published article;</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif"> Appendix A for a full
</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif">verbal</font></font><font color="#000000"><font class="ContentPasted1" face="Times New Roman, serif"> description of the EPR count; the EPR algorithm; or the report
of the output for the count of our simulated EPR election. (stevebosworth@hotmail.com)]</font></font></p>
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----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Wed, 1 Mar 2023 04:28:18 +0000<br>
From: Richard Lung <voting@ukscientists.com><br>
To: Forest Simmons <forest.simmons21@gmail.com><br>
Cc: EM <Election-methods@lists.electorama.com><br>
Subject: Re: [EM] Worst Loser Elimination 2.0<br>
Message-ID: <9395A19F-634A-4979-8D96-055D5C6B38F1@ukscientists.com><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"<br>
<br>
<br>
Elimination methods may have a policy mandate but they do not have a scientific or knowledge mandate. They violate conservation of (preference) information. Elimination independent of scale of preference is precisely the fault, found over two centuries ago,
by Pierre-Simon Laplace, according to JFS Ross, with Condorcet pairing elimination of candidates. It does not take into account the relative importance of higher to lower preferences. Why Laplace sided with Borda amounted to his opening the way to rational
counts of preference ranges. Of which Gregory supplied the definitive statistical method to next preferences, of weighting in arithmetic proportion.<br>
<br>
It is doubtful whether the Condorcet Winner (or conversely Loser) applies to more than single winner elections, the least democratic, lacking multi-member range of representation. This perhaps may be demonstrated by the consideration that individual candidates
hold an over-lapping group or "party" of opinions. Voters support for parties themselves become less and less partisan with more particular choices of parties in proportionally elected multi-member constituencies. So, it may be the CW becomes less and less
an absolute individual choice, within the wider context of personal proportional representation, in multi-member constituencies.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Richard Lung.<br>
<br>
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