<div dir="auto">In this installment I want to give an instructive example of the corrective power of the steepest ascent tweak before going on to some of its uses in election method design.<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Consider this ballot profile in conjunction with the simple MinMax method:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto" style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.8px">30 C1>C2>C3<br></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.8px">30 C2>C3>C1</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.8px">30 A>C3>C1</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.8px">6 A>C1>C2</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12.8px">4 A>C2>C3</div></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Minimax elects A, the Condorcet Loser, because its max pairwise defeat is only 60 to 40, whereas each of the C's is defeated by a greater majority in favor of some other C ... a case of Clone Winner failure.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Does this bad result daunt the steepest ascent tweak? </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Let's see. ... the tweak starts by setting the variable W to the value A, the output of the flawed method.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Let's check to see if W is covered: yes, in fact each of the three C clones (cyclones?) covers A, because no beatpath goes from A to any other candidate, let alone a short beatpath to C1, C2, or C3.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Of these, which is the C to which W=A offers the least opposition? Well, they are tied in this regard, because the common opposition is the forty percent of voters that prefer W=A over any of the clones.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">How do we break the tie?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">We go with the tied candidate that has the most core support ... the most losing votes in its worst pairwise failure.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">C1 defeats C2 66 to 34</div><div dir="auto">C2 defeats C3 66 to 34</div><div dir="auto">C3 defeats C1 64 to 36</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">C1's core support is 36 ... which is greater than 34, the vore support of each of the other tied candidates.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So C1 is the winner as corrected by the steepest ascent tweak.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Note that if the non clone A were out of the picture C1 would have won, so at least in this example, this tweak has done a good job of restoring the rightful clone to the throne, so to speak.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">-Forest</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Next time ... steepest ascent as an organic part of decloned MinMax, not just an afterthought tweak to cleanup the mess made by regular clone infested MinMax ...</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Nov 4, 2022, 10:05 PM Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">A few months ago I suggested an "afterburner" finisher that could enhance any election method (when retrofitted with the afterburner) by making the tweaked method Landau efficient.<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">A few days ago I repeated the suggestion in response to a pitiful tweak (warmed over Baldwin) publicly proposed by Foley and Maskin in an op ed response to the Alaska RCV/IRV debacle, a repeat of the Burlington Vermont IRV fiasco that will become an endemic plague if the tide of RCV/IRV adoptions is not stemmed.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In explaining the amazing universal applicability and robust effectiveness of the simple afterburner tweak, I compared it to the method of steepest ascent ... a well known general purpose method for optimization of multivariate functions.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For that reason I would like to change the name of the procedure from "afterburnner" to "steepest ascent tweak".</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I want to elaborate my brief geometric explanation of the steepest ascent technique in the voting context. The best visualization is a "Yee/Bolson" [Bolson for Brian Olson who first reported his and Yee's discovery to the EM listserv] diagram that shows candidate positions relative to a smooth multivariate Gaussian distribution of the voter positions. The Cartesian graph of a Gaussian distribution density function in three dimensions (x,y,z) is a smooth hill with the top of the hill hovering above the mean, median, and mode point MMM of the distribution in the x/y plane. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">If the third dimension z is suppressed, the circles centered on the pointMMM in the (x, y, 0) plane, will form a contour map of the distribution.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">At every point p=(x,y,0) in the x/y plane, the gradient grad(x y) is an arrow perpendicular to the contour curve passing through p, pointed towards the center MMM point. That is the direction of max increase of the density function (the Gaussian in our example). If that arrow is lifted and rotated vertically until it is tangent to the surface of the 3D graph, then it will point in the (local) direction of steepest ascent up the hill (surface).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In the Yee/Bolson diagram, a candidate at point C will cover a candidate at point W iff C is closer to the MMM point than W is.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">And of all the possible candidate points on a disc D centered on MMM while excluding W, the candidate point C closest to W is the one to which W has the least pairwise opposition.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">To see this, let PBWC be the perpendicular bisecteor of the segment WC. The total density of the points on the W side of the bisector is the pairwise opposition preferring W to C.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Holding W fixed while varying C inside the disc D, we see that when C is closest to W, directly between W and MMM, the total density of points (votes) supporting W over C will be minimized.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The directed segment from W to C is parallel to the gradient at p, which is the direction pointing to MMM.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Of course, the distribution of voters will not, in general be a nice symmetrical Gaussian, and there may not be any candidate C directly between W and MMM. In fact, Mean. Median, and Mode may be three different points.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">But the geometric understandings of covering, and of minimum pairwise opposition are still valid, and help explain why the afterburner tweak works so effectively, and helps us appreciate the new moniker "steepest ascent tweak."</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The step from W to C is one step of the tweak. If the endpoint C of the step is covered, the step is repeated ... starting over with the variable W updated as the output of the previous step.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This stepwise process is continued until an uncovered (i.e. Landau) candidate is reached. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">How do we know this will happen?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Because this process cannot cycle. Why? Because the covering relation is transitive, unlike the (mere) defeat relation. If C2 covers C1=W2, and C1 covers W , then C2 also covers W. Each successive C covers all of the previous ones, so the process cannot proceed indefinitely unless there are infinitely many candidates.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">That's the foundation for the application of this steepest ascent tweak ... one of which (the afterburner enhancement) we have already advertised.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">We will explore other equally interesting applications in subsequent messages of this thread.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">To be continued ....</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">-Forest </div></div>
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