<div dir="auto"><div>Good news ... the monotone decreasing property of (1/r)-r does indeed show that in our prototypical three candidate cycle that the winner is A, B, or C, depending on which of r, p, or q is smaller. In other words, depending on which of fpC, fpA, or fpB is smaller.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In other words, un the three candidate Smith case the RBFCB method (the deterministic version) is equivalent to Ranked Pairs or Beatpath CSSD, or River with defeat strength gauged by bow few (not how many!) first place votes the losing candidate has in opposition to the winner. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For all practical purposes RP(lack of losing first place opposition) is equivalent to RBFPCB. The public proposal could describe it either way ... you could just call it "lack of first place votes" or LFPV Condorcet.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For clarity, in the ABCA cycle if C has fewer first place votes against A, than A has against B, or B against C, then the cycle is broken at the weakest link ... the CA link, so the ABCA cycle is replaced with the (strongest) beatpath ABC, making A the winner.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Thanks for your patience!<br><br><div class="gmail_quote" dir="auto"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Oct 21, 2022, 6:03 PM Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">In the quoted message I did a sloppy job of hand waving to convince myself that Random Ballot Favorite Chain Building (RBFCB) gives the same result as fpA-fpC in the prototypical example.<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I sloppily conjured a formula out of the clear blue for the RBFCB winning probabilities, and then asserted without proof that it turned out to be equivalent to the max(fpA-fpC) criterion.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I was depending on mental graphs of the two formulae to coincide for a quick confirmation of my intuition, but it turns out that the online Wolfram Alpha plotter is very persnickety about 3D graphics ... it just gives up way too soon!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So let's take a more careful run at it, and let the chips fall where they may ... if it turns out that these two methods are not equivalent, then we have two nice voting methods instead of only one:-)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Let's approach the problem from a Markov process point of view. The possible states of the chain are the initial empty set {}, the singletons A, B, and C; and the possible completed maximal chains A>B, B>C, and C>A.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">We need to construct a transition matrix of the transition probabilities from the various states to the new states as the process evolves. One should draw a directed graph with arrows showing the state transitions. Those arrows should be labeled with the respective transition probabilities. </div><div dir="auto">Once the digraph is properly labeled, the transition matrix can be read off directly from the digraph.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In this case the digraph is a tree, with the initial empty state {} as the root node.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The three arrows emanating from it enter the three singleton states A, B, and C. The corresponding arrows are labeled with the transition probabilities p, q, and r, respectively.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">These singleton states have arrows connecting them to the maximal states:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">arrows from A to A>B and from A to C>A, as well as arrows from B to both B>C and A>B, and arrows from C to both C>A and B>C.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">What are the respective transition probabilities that should serve as labels for these arrows from the singleton states to the final states?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This is where we have to be careful ... sloppy handwaving will not do here!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Why is it so tricky? Because the transitions from the single states to the final states are "conditional probabilities."</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For example, the transition from A to A>B has a conditional probability of</div><div dir="auto">q/(q+r), rather than the straight probability q.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Why is that? Because (at this stage) when we draw a ballot whose favorite candidate is A, we must ignore it and draw again until we get a ballot with a B or C favorite, since we already have an A in our current Markov state.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So the respective transitions from A to A>B and from A to C>A, are the only possibilities, which means their probabilities must sum to unity.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Imagine that there are 20 A ballots, 35 B ballots and 45 C ballots, and we must ignore all of the A ballots if drawn, because only one A can be incorporated into the chain, which it already has, since our transition is from state A to A>B or to C>A.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">There are 80 currently active ballots still in play at this juncture... 35 B's and 45 C's, so the respective conditional transition probabilities are evidently 35/80 and 45/80. In general, they would be q/(q+r) and r/(q+r). </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Check that they add up to unity, just as 35/80 and 45/80 do.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Now that we have the transition arrows labeled, how do we figure the probabilities of the final states, the leaves of the tree representing the completed chain?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">First we multiply the transition probabilities along each path to get the probability of the leaf state the end of the path.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For A the path from A>B through singleton B has a value of qp/(p+r), while the path through the singleton A state has a value of pq/(q+r). </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">We add these two path values together to get the probability of the chain A>B.</div><div dir="auto">This sum, <span style="font-family:sans-serif">qp/(p+r)+pq/(q+r),</span></div><div dir="auto"> is A's chance of winning the RBFCB election lottery :</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Similar expressions give the winning probabilities for B and C.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">To simplify the expressions we make use of the grand common denominator</div><div dir="auto">(q+r)(r+p)(p+q). This common denominator can be employed to clear the fractions on the rationale that when all denominators are equal, the largest fraction is the one with the largest numerator.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So A's numerator will be</div><div dir="auto">pq(p+q)(q+r+r+p), which simplifies to</div><div dir="auto">pq(1-r)(1+r), since q+r+p is just 1.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">If we divide every such expression by pqr, we maintain the proportionality, and we see that the winning probability for A is proportional to (1-rr)/ r, or 1/r -r. In other words, the bigger 1/r-r, the better A's chance of winning. But this expression is monotone decreasing in r, so the smaller r, the greater A's chance of winning.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Can we conclude that A wins iff and only if r<min(p,q)?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">At least we can safely conclude that A wins if (1/r-r)>max(1/p-p,1/q-q).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This makes sense intuitively because r is the probability of drawing a ballot favoring C, which is the only candidate that defeats A.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">One should compare graphically the above condition<span style="font-family:sans-serif">(1/r-r)>max(1/p-p,1/q-q) with the corresponding fpA-fpC condition</span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">(p-q)>max(q-r,r-p)</span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">to see how close they are.</span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif"><br></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">I think we can see how useless it is for the A supporters to bury C. It does not change A's chance of winning the RBFCB lottery at all! </span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif"><br></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">On the other hand, increasing A's first place support can help A only indirectly ...by competing for C's first place support.</span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif"><br></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">Check my algebra and Markov tree reasoning.</span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif"><br></span></div><div dir="auto"><font face="sans-serif">It would be easy to check these results independently with MonteCarlo simulations.</font></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif"><br></span></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">-Forest</span></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Oct 21, 2022, 6:56 AM Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">It turns out that what we want is chain building by fitting each newly drawn ballot favorite into the chain where-ever possible without destroying its total order relation. (A chain is a totally ordered set.)<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So chain building can ascend or descend ad libitum ... as they say, "Just follow your nose" </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Also it simplifies everything conceptually and computationally if we replace and shuffle the ballots between all consecutive drawings.<div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Remember that the proto example was the candidate cycle ABCA with respective first place probabilities of p=fpA, q=fpB, and r=fpC.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The possible maximal chains are ...</div><div dir="auto">A>B, B>C, and C>A,</div><div dir="auto">with probabilities proportional to ...</div><div dir="auto">pq, qr, and rp, respectively,</div><div dir="auto">when chains are built ad libitum.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The condition for A winning is</div><div dir="auto">pq>max(qr,rp),</div><div dir="auto">which (turns out to be) equivalent to</div><div dir="auto">(p-r)>max(q-p, r-q),</div><div dir="auto">within this probability context of p+q+r=1.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">This last inequality is our fpA-fpC condition for A winning in our proto example.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Next, a simple introduction to the method suitable for a voters' pamphlet ...</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Oct 20, 2022, 1:24 PM Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">One important (but easy) correction:<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In order to make this method Monotone, we have to start the chain from the bottom of the list ListF. That's what puts the "Climbing" in Random Ballot Favorite Chain Climbing!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">A comment on exposition for public consumption ... no mention of Condorcet Smith, Landau, or Banks should be included in the method description, any more than a brief introduction to IRV needs to explain what to do if the last three remaining candidates have the same first place transferred vote totals. Every generic public ballot set will have a Banks member with at least one first place vote, so no need to get people worried right off the bat about what to do in the impossibly rare contrary case. Stick with generic conditions in the voters' pamphlets ... just make sure that the rare exceptional possibilities are covered in the published official legal definition, as well as the RAQ's (Rarely Asked Questions) if not the FAQ's!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I only mentioned it at all because of its earlier mention in related EM list threads.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">-Forest</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Oct 20, 2022, 11:48 AM Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto">First a preliminary procedure to make sure no single candidate defeats every member of the support of the random ballot favorite:</div><div dir="auto">As long as there is such a candidate, retain only candidates of this índole, recalibrating between elimination steps.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Next: a non-deterministic lottery method ... Random Ballot Favorite Chain Climbing (RBFCC):</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Shuffle the ballots into some random order B1, B2, B3, ... and let ListF be a list of the candidates in the order induced by the first choices of the respective ballots in their order ... i.e. according to the order of their first appearance as a first choice on a ballot in the sequence B1, B2, B3, ...</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Now, Chain climb the list ListF by initializing the set variable CHAIN as the empty set, and then .... </div><div dir="auto">While some member of ListF defeats every member of CHAIN, add the first such candidate into CHAIN. EndWhile</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The head of the completed chain is the RBFCC (random trial) winner.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Next, for each candidate X, let RBFCC(X) be the winning probability for X under this lottery.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Finally, elect argmax RBFCC(X).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Note that this method is Banks efficient, and obviously reduces to "fpA-SumfpC" in the eponymous three candidate case.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">On a practical note, should the computation of the RBFCC probabilities be intractable for some ballot set, then repeated trials in a MonteCarlo simulation of the lottery can be used to determine argmax RBFCC(X) with arbitrarily low error probability epsilon.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Is this the simplest formulation of what we've been looking for?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It doesn't seem like an easy method to "game".</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Other comments? Questions?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Who can write this up in a way that Joe Q Public can easily relate to?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">-Forest</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"></div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div>
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