<div dir="auto"><div>We now finish our description of the method introduced previously, by defining the cost of a beatpath from candidate X to candidate Y as the number of steps in the path plus epsilon times the losing vote total along the path. <div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Any positive infinitesimal will do for epsilon, because all sufficiently small standard positive values will give the same result as determining cost primarily by the number of steps, and secondarily by the losing vote sum.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Note that if X is in the Landau set, there will always be a a beatpath of two or fewer steps to Y.<br><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">On the other hand, if X is not in Landau, then for some Y, no beatpath from X to Y will have fewer than three steps.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It follows that this method is Landau efficient.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Questions?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Thanks!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Forest</div></div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Oct 7, 2022, 6:54 PM Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">The median X of a finite set of distinct points arranged along a straight line segment will always minimize the sum of distances from it to the other points. [If the points are not distinct, a weighted sum does the job.]<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Consequently one way to generalize the concept of "median" in a general metric space is by minimization of (weighted) sums of distances.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Thus, the Kemeny-Young method chooses the "finish order" that minimizes its sum of distances to the ballots, i.e to their respective rank orders.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In this context, the distance from a ballot order to a potential finish order is their Kendall-tau distance, the total number of basic order reversals necessary to convert one order into the other.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">There are two unnecessary difficulties associated with Kemeny-Young:</div><div dir="auto"> (1) The number of finish orders that need to be checked grows exponentially with the number of candidates, even when all we need is the winner of a single winner election.</div><div dir="auto">(2) The method is clone dependent ... a fatal flaw in the context of electoral politics. The basic spoiler problem that sparked election method reform in the first place was a failure of clone independence. Even IRV with all of its other problems, is clone independent.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The method we propose is both clone independent and computationally efficient.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The key innovation is that we gauge the distance from ballot B to a potential winner X by the cost of the least expensive beatpath from X to the candidate f(B) that is favored above all others on ballot B.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I'm going to break here to let this idea sink in a little before filling in the few remaining details.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">To be continued...</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div>
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