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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Elections in microcosm and macrocosm.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Alfred Tennyson anticipated the so-called United
Nations, in an early poem of “The Parliament of Man.” The phrase
might just as well apply to the rational mind of an individual
human being, who holds elections and exclusions of personal
thoughts. The sub-conscious mind amounts to an “electorate” that
determines those decisions. The introspective psychologies of
Freud and Jung are largely about internalised social conflict
resolution. Indeed, depth psychology attempts to resolve deep
conflicts of instincts and conditionings. Altogether, it is the
work of the United Nations in microcosm. <br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">The human brain has ceased to be an impenetrable
“black box,” since the advent of brain-scanning neuro-science.
It is possible that election science may have a quantitative
role to play in microcosmic elections of the human mind.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Meanwhile, election science or “electics” has an
urgent role to fill, in advising on conflict resolution, in the
macrocosm of all humanity, or human relations in general. Most
people are evidently not aware of some simple electoral
considerations, for promoting peace: Majority elections are “the
tyranny of the majority” (John Stuart Mill; Lani Guinier) which
fragment societies of their minorities, seeking to become
majorities, in smaller units, where they can preside over their
own “tyranny of the majority.” Thus conflicts multiply.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">What is refered to as a majority is not a democracy,
it is “only half a democracy” (Robert Newland). This type of
democracy is more accurately described as a single majority,
where one representative is supported by half the voters. There
are also multiple majorities. The next simplest majority is a
double majority, where one third of the voters are each
supported by two representatives, giving a proportional
representation of two thirds of the voters. A triple majority
gives a three quarters proportional representation, and so on,
approaching fully democratic representation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">This series of increasing representation is called
the Droop quota. It is not the last word, in the matter.
However, fairly sharing representation does away with the need
for unrepresented minorities to</span><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""> </span><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">fracture societies, to become their own dominating
majorities.</span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">The fractious effect of “the tyranny of the (single)
majority” extends from legislatures to executives. This tyranny
applies to monarchs or presidents. Even if the president is an
elected monarch, that is essentially the ancient Greek tyrant,
who was an elected ruler, given a free hand. When Quentin Hogg
(Lord Hailsham) called </span><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Britain</span><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""> an “elective dictatorship,” this was a good
definition of a classic Greek tyranny.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Alexander Solzhenitsyn rejected party lists. Parties
only represent a part. The dictator Lenin favored party lists. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Representative democracy requires direct elections.
These are achieved by the Personal Representation form of
proportional representation, as described by Thomas Hare and his
chief supporter John Stuart Mill (The Hare system alias the
Andrae system). Following them, HG Wells advocated “Proportional
Representation with a single transferable vote in large
constituencies.” Or, as the Australians say, the
quota-preferential method.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""> Regards,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Richard Lung.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""><br>
</span></p>
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