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    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
        style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold"">Forest</span><span
        style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold"">,</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
        style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold""> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
        style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold"">The
        efficiency of heat engines, in thermodynamics, offer an analogy
        with voting
        methods. Many other sciences do so, if voting method follows the
        Stevens
        structure of measurement, held in common by other branches of
        science. (I
        published a free e-book, about scientific models of election
        method, called:
        Science is Ethics as Electics.)</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
        style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold"">The
        basic principle, that thermodynamics and election method have in
        common is
        conservation, either of energy or information. (I believe
        scientists are
        currently translating energy terms into information terms.)</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
        style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold"">Common-place
        teachings of social choice theory, including the American
        Mathematics Society,
        usually make the claim that there is no perfect voting system.
        The equivalent
        statement in thermodynamics is that there is no perpetual motion
        machine.</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
        style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold"">As
        you point out, that does not preclude voting methods of
        different efficiency,
        the equivalent of heat engines of differing efficiency. The
        engines depend on
        efficient transfer of surplus heat, to work requirements, to
        keep the engine
        going. Similarly, transfers of vote surpluses, to elective
        quotas, keep the
        count procedure going. Heat forms a random distribution of
        motion. And votes
        typically form a random distribution of choice (subject to left
        or right
        skews).</span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold";mso-fareast-font-family:
        SimSun;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
        Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
        mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Binomial STV
        would perhaps
        be rather more efficient than traditional STV, because it
        rationally conserves
        exclusion information. In rough analogy, a binomial STV “heat
        engine” is better
        “insulated,” to conserve heat. Thermodynamics is not just a
        dynamic of heat but
        also its insulation, in a closed system. Likewise, an election
        method is not
        just an active election, but also a closed system of exclusion.</span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold";mso-fareast-font-family:
        SimSun;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
        Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
        mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br>
      </span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold";mso-fareast-font-family:
        SimSun;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
        Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
        mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Regards,</span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
        Bold";mso-fareast-font-family:
        SimSun;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
        Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
        mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Richard
        Lung.</span></p>
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        mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br>
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