<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:trebuchet ms,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Feb 3, 2022 at 2:15 PM Kristofer Munsterhjelm <<a href="mailto:km_elmet@t-online.de">km_elmet@t-online.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Great!<br>
<br>
I was browsing the scipy.stats.qmc manual and noticed it has a third<br>
method, Latin hypercube, explicitly designed for cubes. Would this<br>
method be applicable to your problem, if you use the function g that's<br>
zero outside of the simplex and Gaussian inside it?</blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">I tested it, and it didn't do as well as Sobol. The Latin Hypercube was a little faster than the Halton sequence but a little less accurate. I think Sobol has a huge advantage because (according to Wikipedia) there is a fast implementation based on low-level bitwise operations and that's just hard to beat with regular arithmetic.</div></div><div><br></div><div> <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Does the proportion<br>
of the cube occupied by the simplex vanish too quickly as d increases?<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">I ran a test. It's certainly an issue, but not quite as bad as I had expected. First, the library can easily detect the polytopes that are completely empty. For the rest, I ran 10 sample elections with candidates uniformly random in the unit cube. The proportion of the cube occupied by the polytope seems to approach 10% as I get closer to 8 dims.</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">N_candidates = N_dim + 1</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">2 Dims: v = 0.535417 +/- 0.236171<br>3 Dims: v = 0.256944 +/- 0.134119<br>4 Dims: v = 0.156250 +/- 0.065763<br>5 Dims: v = 0.134810 +/- 0.035892<br>6 Dims: v = 0.125693 +/- 0.009282<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">That said, higher dimensions do get more expensive for other reasons --- like the fact that you have (N_dim+1)! polytopes. I was planning to run the simulation till N_dim=8 but I've been waiting for N_dim=7 to finish and it just doesn't want to finish.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">I would also imagine that you could reduce the dimension by one by using<br>
a standard 1D Gaussian integral over the last dimension as long as you<br>
can do line-simplex intersections to determine what line you should<br>
integrate over. But perhaps the general covariance problem you mentioned<br>
earlier would make this impractical - that it would be rather difficult<br>
to line up the Gaussian integral with that line in the remaining dimension.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Yeah. If we assume that the Gaussian is fully symmetric (which feels a bit restrictive) you could imagine drawing radial lines and figuring out where they cross the polytope. The details could be a bit complicated. I have no idea if that would be faster, but I could try something like that. I can't work on this idea right now, but I didn't want to dismiss it.</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">On a related note, I was reading James Green-Armytage's paper about<br>
strategic voting: <a href="http://jamesgreenarmytage.com/strategy-utility.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://jamesgreenarmytage.com/strategy-utility.pdf</a>. On<br>
page 21, he states that an 8D spatial model is a good fit to the<br>
political poll model, while 1D is not quite as good. He doesn't mention<br>
intermediate dimensionality models, but it may provide a reason for<br>
supporting high dimension spatial models (as long as the fit keeps<br>
improving even when going from say, 7D to 8D). It does, I think, provide<br>
pretty good evidence that there's little need for going beyond 8D, at least.<br>
</blockquote></div><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">It's good to have a maximum. I hope we can get away with fewer than 8 dimensions. Regardless of the true political dimensions of the electorate, if you only have N<8 parties, those parties will lie in an (N-1)-dimensional subspace. That's why I suspect that we can get away with modelling a lot less than 8D and just be aware that I'm only modelling the subspace of political positions that is actually spanned by the candidates. The US is a specially pathological example, where apparently your views on LGBT rights somehow dictate your views on sex education, AR-15s, tax law, climate change, vaccines, and the Israel-Palestine conflict.</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Cheers,</div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Dr. Daniel Carrera</font></div><div dir="ltr"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Postdoctoral Research Associate</font></div><div><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Iowa State University</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>