<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:trebuchet ms,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Jan 27, 2022 at 4:20 AM Kristofer Munsterhjelm <<a href="mailto:km_elmet@t-online.de">km_elmet@t-online.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">> I'm a bit confused by the notation. If p(A>B>C) is the probability that<br>
> a random voter picks A>B>C then what is p(A>B>C) * p(A>B>C) * p(B>C>A)?<br>
> <br>
> I also don't get what you mean by <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"></span>"e_s = (A>B>C, A>B>C, B>C>A)" being an<br>
> election.<br>
<br>
The former is just a statement of statistical independence. Suppose that<br>
we roll three ordinary dice, call them x, y, and z. Then the probability<br>
of the result being all ones is p(x=1) * p(y=1) * p(z=1) due to<br>
independence - the different outcomes don't constrain each other.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Ok. The part that wasn't obvious to me was that <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">"e_s = (A>B>C, A>B>C, B>C>A)" was the election with exactly those ballots in that order. </span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">You might want to instead define an election so that it's only about the combination of ballots and not the permutation; so if you shuffle the ballots it's the same election.</span></div></div><div><br></div><div>e_s = {2: A>B>C, 1:B>C>A}<br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">=> p(e_s) = Choose(3,2)*p(A>B>C)*P(B>C>A)</span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">(Again on a side note: since it doesn't matter in what order the voters<br>
vote, you could save some computations by using a multinomial - e.g. if<br>
you find out that method M is susceptible to manipulation with election<br>
(x, y, z), you automatically know it's susceptible to manipulation with<br>
election (x, z, y) too. But it would make the code more complex.)<br>
</blockquote></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">One way to avoid the combinatorial part is to define the election so that the ballots are sorted in some canonical order. For example, sort the possible ballots alphabetically:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">b1 = ABC</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">b2 = ACB</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">b3 = BAC<br>b4 = BCA<br>b5 = CAB<br>b6 = CBA<br></div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Let nk be the number of voters that cast the ballot bk. Then:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">p(e) = Prod_k p(bk)^nk</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Cheers,</div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"trebuchet ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">--</span><br></div></div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Dr. Daniel Carrera</font></div><div dir="ltr"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Postdoctoral Research Associate</font></div><div><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Iowa State University</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>