<div dir="auto">One subtle detail that needs emphasis is that informally we say that F(X) and R(X) are (respectively) the numbers or percentages of ballots that respectively rank X first and last. But that is only precisely true in the case of complete rankings. Otherwise go back to the definitions of random ballot Favorite for F, and the Reverse of that for R, which could be called anti-favorite.<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Suppose you draw a ballot which leaves five candidates unranked. Which of these is the anti-favorite? (assuming none of them is so designated) In other words, how does this affect the calculation of their R values? Answer: count them fractionally... each counts as one fifth of a last place.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The main purpose of F and R is to distinguish strong support and strong rejection, while the secondary, but still crucial purpose is to ensure clone independence. It is mostly this secondary aspect that requires the precise fractional count.</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">El lun., 17 de ene. de 2022 1:44 p. m., Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> escribió:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div>I'm changing the name to "Loggerheads" because (1) our two player game is based on players with polar opposite preferences, and (2) it's not quite Condorcet compliant because of its way of handling pairwise ties. However, if we just go back to the customary zero payoff for pairwise ties, the method becomes Condorcet compliant. <div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For now let's leave the pairwise tie payoff open; it may help us distinguish weak CW's from strong ones .... when the tie handling makes a difference, it might be a sign of marginal weakness or instability in the Condorcet winner.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Just to pursue this point a little further, the non-zero payoff for the row player when both players choose the same candidate X, is the difference F(X)-R(X), which is positive only when X has more first place than last place votes. So if X has fewer first than last place votes, then that diagonal payoff entry will be negative, preventing X from being the sure winner, even if X is the Condorcet candidate ... but not impairing the Condorcet efficiency too much, unless the tie payoff entries are very negative, which would be very unusual.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So let's keep open the possibility of non-zero pairwise tie payoffs, but make zero the default payoff for simplicity.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Analogously de-cloned Copeland loses its absolute Condorcet efficiency when we allow pairwise ties to count other than zero. So let's go back to the original version there, as default, too:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The (default) De-Cloned Copeland Score of candidate X is ...</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The Sum (over all candidates Y pairwise defeated by X) of F(Y) </div><div dir="auto">Minus</div><div dir="auto">The Sum (over all Z that pairwise defeat X) of R(Z) </div><br>Now continuing on with "Loggerheads" .... since the two players have polar opposite preferences, it seems that their optimal strategies must be maximally resistant to manipulation... your optimal defensive strategy against your most antagonistic enemy should hold up against lesser foes, as well! </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">At least that is my basic heuristic for this method.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The first Condorcet Lottery method that we learned about, nearly two decades ago, disappointly turned out to be non-monotonic, as did the more advanced Rivest method that incorporated pairwise defeat scores into the payoff matrix.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It seems that the problem was the same basic problem we faced when trying to preserve monotonicity while de-cloning Kemeny-Young, Borda, and Copeland.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Our recent (last week) breakthrough in that context is the impetus for this Loggerhead method.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">One way of looking at the breakthrough is this: making a clear distinction between passive lack of approval and active disapproval allows us to de-couple mono-raising of one candidate from lowering (mono or otherwise) of another candidate.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In our original unsuccessful versions we did not distinguish the role of F from the role of R. There we just used "lack of F" as a proxy for R. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Fixing that crucial defect not only made monotonicity possible, but also, as a pleasant surprise, made possible the strong reverse symmetry enjoyed by all of these new methods.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Some people resist lotteries as legitimate election methods, but if, as we have been assured by our RCV friends the 440 real life elections they analyzed all enjoyed Condorcet Winners, irrespective of employing a non-Condorcet compliant method ... almost all of these lotteries will be zero entropy lotteries ... the possibility of chance serving only as a deterrent to insincere rankings.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">And suppose that a sincere rock, paper, scissors cycle should exist.... it is comforting to know that the support of the winning lottery is always a subset of the Dutta Set, a kind of special subset of the better known Banks, Landau, and Smith sets. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">It has often been suggested that in the absence of a sincere CW, the best thing might be to choose randomly from the Smith Set. Well, that's precisely what this Loggerheads method does ... and with probabilities calculated to make sincere voting optimal.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">We'll continue when I get some more free time.</span><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In the mean time, somebody in contact with James Green-Armytage could help by passing this message along to him ... I seem to remember him expressing interest in the Rivest Lottery recently. It would be nice to get him, and others with a game theoretic bent, thinking along these lines.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Forest</div><div dir="auto"><br><div class="gmail_quote" dir="auto"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">El lun., 17 de ene. de 2022 12:17 a. m., Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:forest.simmons21@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">forest.simmons21@gmail.com</a>> escribió:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">I would like to propose this Rivest-like two-player, zero-sum game related to the de-cloned versions of Kemeny-Young, Borda, and Copeland that I recently posted.<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For each candidate k, let F(k) be the random ballot Favorite probability of candidate k, and let R(k) be the random ballot favorite of candidate k on the Reversed ballots.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Let P be the payoff matrix for the row player defined as follows:</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">P(i, j) is F(j) if candidate i pairwise defeats j.</div><div dir="auto">P(i, j) is -R(i) if candidate i is pairwise defeated by j.</div><div dir="auto">P(i, j) is F(j)-R(i) if candidates i and j are pairwise tied, including the case of i=j.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Remember the game is zero sum, so the column player's payoff is the opposite of the row player's payoff.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In general optimal strategies for the players are stochastic mixtures of the respective pure deterministic strategies, i.e. they are Lotteries.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Let L and L* be the respective optimal lotteries for the respective row and column players.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">L(k) and L*(k) are the probabilities with which the respective players should bet on row or column k.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For the un-reversed ballots, the method winner is chosen by L.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">For the reversed ballots the winner is chosen by L*.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">That's the method ... more commentary next time....</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Forest</div></div>
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