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<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Today's Topics:</span><br>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 1. How Evaluative Proportional Representation (EPR) works</span></div>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: normal;">From: Steve Bosworth</b></span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: normal;">TO: Richard and others</b></span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Thank you Richard both for your questions and adding the Topic for me. Correctly, you ask me to clarify my terms in your following paragraph:</span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Richard (R):
</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Here are some ambiguous concepts:</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">* Using the word "proxy" without saying what it means in this context
</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">[please see below]</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">.
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">As a guess, if your method gives unequal voting weight to the elected
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">council members, that needs to be explicitly stated
</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">[Yes, and please see below]</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">* The words "graded that candidate highly" are unclear regarding HOW highly</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">[please see below]</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">* The words "not enough" aren't specific.</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">[please see below]</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">* The words "contains no such remaining highest graded candidate" are
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">unclear.</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">[please see below].</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">* Not explaining what happens when two or more candidates are rated at
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">the same preference level. This might need to be a separate paragraph.</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">[please see
</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">the underlined words in
</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><u style="line-height: normal;">Stage 1</u></span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> below].</span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Steve (S): I agree that all the terms you ask about must be made clear. My initial brevity did not supply this for you and probably many others. Please let me make these
terms clear now. However, before I do so, let me also offer to attach to an email any or all of the following: My co-authored
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: normal;">Paper</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> which expands on the EPR article we published in 2020:
</span><font color="#000080"><u><a href="https://www.jpolrisk.com/legislatures-elected-by-evaluative-proportional-representationepr-an-algorithm-v3/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;" lang="en-US">https://www.jpolrisk.com/legislatures-elected-by-evaluative-proportional-representationepr-an-algorithm-v3/</span></a></u></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;" lang="en-US">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">;
the relevant algorithm; and Appendix A: which provides a comprehensive description of each step in EPR’s count.
</span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Next, I propose to clarifying the words and phrases listed by Richard by adding more explanatory words [in square brackets] after each questioned word within the brief
words that I initially offered:</span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Steve (S):
</span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Like majority judgment (MJ), EPR invites you to vote most expressively</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> by grading at least one candidate?s suitability for office as either</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> Excellent, Very Good, Good, Acceptable, Poor, or Reject. You can award</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> the same grade to more than one candidate. You are assured [guaranteed] that your one</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> EPR vote of at least Acceptable will quantitatively increase the voting</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> power [weighted vote] </span>
</font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">in the council of the elected candidate who receives your ?highest</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> possible grade?. [The highest grade that must be added to one of the winner's weighted vote in the council as determined by following the rules of the EPR count as illustrated below].</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> When possible, your highest grade on your ballot is added to the running</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> total of that elected member. [</span><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">For an EPR at-large election of a seven-member council, each of the seven elected
candidates must have received one of the </span></font><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">seven
</span></font><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">largest numbers of votes by the beginning of Stage 3 of the count
</span></font><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">(</span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">please see below)</span><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">.
Each of these votes must stand for a grade of at least Acceptable]</span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">.
</span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">If this is not possible because not enough other citizens graded that candidate highly [as at least Acceptable],
</span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">your vote is instead counted for the elected candidate your ballot awarded its remaining</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> highest grade. If your ballot contains no such remaining highest graded</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> candidate, your proxy vote [Y</span><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">our
</span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">ballot automatically becomes a proxy vote if and when it is discovered that none of the candidates you graded as at least Acceptable has been elected. In that event, during Stage 4, the candidate
on the ballot you awarded your highest grade must publicly transfers your proxy vote to the weighted vote of the elected candidate he or she judges to be
</span><font color="#000000"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">most qualified for office.
</span></font><font color="#000000"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">Y</span></font><font color="#000000"><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">ou
</span></font></font><font color="#000000"><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">can</span></font></font><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> prohibits
this </span></font><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">use of your proxy vote</span></font><font style="font-size:10pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> by circling the relevant
"NO" on your ballot.</span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">]
</span></font></p>
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<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">your proxy vote equally increases the voting power of the</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> elected candidate your highest graded candidate publicly judges to be</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> the most suitable for office.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> The above may be further clarified by a more detailed example of EPR?s</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> four-stage count:</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">>Imagine you have graded the candidates on the ballot as follows: Excellent:</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> both Collins and Levy; Very Good: Cosby; Good: Neuman; Acceptable: Glover</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> The first rounds of Stage 1 of the EPR count determine to which of the</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> candidates’ running total of votes your Excellent is exclusively but</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> provisionally added : either Collins’s or Levy’s.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><u style="line-height: normal;"> It goes to the</u></span><u><br>
</u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><u style="line-height: normal;">> candidate who has the largest number of votes at that point in the count</u></span><u><br>
</u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><u style="line-height: normal;">> (ties broken by lot). This is justified by the democratic assumption</u></span><u><br>
</u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><u style="line-height: normal;">> that the candidate who has more votes is probably better</u></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> After counting all the ballots that award at least one candidate an</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> Excellent, next are similarly counted all the remaining ballots that</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> awarded Very Good as their highest grade. Similarly, the remaining</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> ballots are then counted that used Good as their highest grade. Finally,</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> all the remaining ballots using Acceptable as their highest grade are</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> counted.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> Say your Excellent goes to Levy. Again, in Stage 1, your Excellent is</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> added only provisionally to Levy. This is because your ballot may have</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> to be transferred to another candidate by Stage 2 if Levy has received</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">>too many votes of at least Acceptable, as explained next .</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> To avoid the remote but anti-democratic possibility of a candidate being</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> able to dictate to the council by retaining more than 50% of all the</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> weighted votes in the council, our EPR algorithm does not allow a member</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> to retain more than 20% of these votes. This requires at least three</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> members to agree before any majority decision can be made in the council.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> Consequently, if Levy had received more than 20% in Stage 1, in Stage</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> 2, your ballot could be selected by lot as one of the surplus ballots to</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> be transferred to the remaining highest graded candidate on your ballot.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> If so selected, your ballot would automatically be transferred to</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> Collins (unless receiving your ballot would give her a surplus). If this</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> would happen, your ballot is instead transferred under the same</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> condition either to Cosby, Newman, or Glover. If none of these</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> candidates are eligible, your proxy vote is finally added in Stage 4</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> to the weighted vote of the winner publicly judged by Levy (the candidate</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> you gave your highest grade) to be most fit for office. If you want, you</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> may prohibit this use of your proxy vote by circling NO in the relevant</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> box near the end of your ballot.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> At the beginning of Stage 3, the seven candidates to be elected are</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> those who have accrued the largest numbers of votes by that stage. All</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> the ballots currently held by candidates not elected are transferred to</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> one of the winners in the same way as outlined for Stage 2 above. As a</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> result, your vote equally adds to the weighted vote of the winner that</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> finally receives your highest grade, remaining highest grade, or proxy</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> vote – the winner you see as likely to represent your hopes and concerns</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> most faithfully.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">> What do you think?</span></font></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">----------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Message: 1</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Date: Sun, 21 Nov 2021 11:46:51 -0800</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">From: "Richard, the VoteFair guy" <electionmethods@votefair.org></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">To: election-methods@lists.electorama.com</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Subject: [EM] How Evaluative Proportional Representation (EPR) works</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Message-ID: <c2c73aa2-307d-b641-497e-432cc6172e18@votefair.org></span><br>
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<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Under the subject of "(no subject)" Steve Bosworth wrote:</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">On 11/19/2021 12:08 PM, steve bosworth wrote:</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > ... You are assured that your one</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > EPR vote of at least Acceptable will quantitatively increase</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > the voting power in the council of the elected candidate who</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > receives your ?highest possible grade?.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> ></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > When possible, your highest grade on your ballot is added to</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > the running total of that elected member. If this is not</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > possible because not enough other citizens graded that</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > candidate highly, your ballot is instead counted for the</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > elected candidate your ballot awarded its remaining</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > highest grade. If your ballot contains no such remaining</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > highest graded candidate, your proxy vote equally increases</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > the voting power of the elected candidate your highest graded</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> > candidate publicly judges to be the most suitable for office.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">I've added a subject because "(no subject)" is not acceptable.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Steve, you need to improve the above wording, both to allow us to give
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">you feedback, and because an unambiguous wording will be needed to enact
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">your actual intended method (and not end up with what someone else
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">changes the wording to become):</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Here are some ambiguous concepts:</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">* Using the word "proxy" without saying what it means in this context.
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As a guess, if your method gives unequal voting weight to the elected
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">council members, that needs to be explicitly stated.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">* The words "graded that candidate highly" are unclear regarding HOW highly.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">* The words "not enough" aren't specific.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">* The words "contains no such remaining highest graded candidate" are
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">unclear.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">* Not explaining what happens when two or more candidates are rated at
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">the same preference level. This might need to be a separate paragraph.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">I agree there's a need for a multi-winner STV-like method that uses
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">rated ballots, and is better than STV.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">But without being able to understand your words it's not possible to
</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">know whether your method meets that need.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As always, I'm offering my opinion, and others might disagree.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Richard Fobes</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The VoteFair guy</span><br>
<br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">On 11/19/2021 12:08 PM, steve bosworth wrote:</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> TO: All EM contributors</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> FROM: Steve</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> I agree with the recent discussions recallingthe virtues of STV.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> However, my co-authors and I believe we have created an advance on</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> STV. It iscalled evaluative proportional representation (EPR) and we</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> would very much like EM contributors to challenge and test the</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> validity of the following claims we make for EPR.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> If STV is used to elect a seven-member city council at-large, about</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> 12% of all the citizens? votes cast would be wasted in the sense</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> that they did not help to elect a representative of their choice. Of</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> course, this is much better than about half of the votes being</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> wasted as is frequently the casewhen plurality at-large is being</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> use. For example, collectively the current seven members of Santa</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> Cruz Californiacitycouncil were elected by an average of about 46%</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> of all the votes cast. This means that about 54% of my fellow</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> citizens? votes were wasted, or ?diluted? in the sense meant in my</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> understanding of theCalifornia Voting Rights Act (CVRA). This is why</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> Santa Cruz is under threat of beingsued according tothis act.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> However, we argue that the adoption of EPR at-large elections would</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> provide the most democratic remedy. This is because itremovessuch</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> ?dilution? as much as possible. In fact, we claim that EPR</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> guarantees that each citizen?svote will equally add to the voting</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> power of the elected candidate they see as likely to represent their</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> hopes and concerns most faithfully. This means the council will be</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> proportionally elected by all voters (100%). Each member will have a</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> different weighted vote in the council exactly equal to the number</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> of citizens? votes counted for them.</span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">></span><br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">> _How Evaluative Proportional Representation Works:_Copied to above.</span><br>
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