It looks like this message got derailed<br><br>---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>From: <b>Forest Simmons</b> <<a href="mailto:fsimmons@pcc.edu">fsimmons@pcc.edu</a>><br>Date: Thursday, July 30, 2020<br>Subject: Re: Heitzig consensus ...<br>To: "<a href="mailto:election-methods@lists.electorama.com">election-methods@lists.electorama.com</a>" <<a href="mailto:election-methods@lists.electorama.com">election-methods@lists.electorama.com</a>><br><br><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">In general it is easier to find a lottery that is unanimously preferred over the default lottery than to find a deterministic alternative that is unanimously preferred over the default lottery. </blockquote><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
1. Re: Heitzig consensus and brinkmanship (Kristofer Munsterhjelm<br>
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Message: 1<br>
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2020 19:44:59 +0200<br>
From: Kristofer Munsterhjelm <<a href="mailto:km_elmet@t-online.de" target="_blank">km_elmet@t-online.de</a>><br>
To: Kevin Venzke <<a href="mailto:stepjak@yahoo.fr" target="_blank">stepjak@yahoo.fr</a>>, EM<br>
<<a href="mailto:election-methods@lists.electorama.com" target="_blank">election-methods@lists.electo<wbr>rama.com</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [EM] Heitzig consensus and brinkmanship<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:d303eb7a-8b08-5748-33ae-62e586c7cfaf@t-online.de" target="_blank">d303eb7a-8b08-5748-33ae-62e58<wbr>6c7cfaf@t-online.de</a>><br>
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On 16/07/2020 02.02, Kevin Venzke wrote:<br>
> Hi Kristofer,<br>
> <br>
> Le mardi 14 juillet 2020 ? 18:40:19 UTC?5, Kristofer Munsterhjelm<br>
> <<a href="mailto:km_elmet@t-online.de" target="_blank">km_elmet@t-online.de</a>> a ?crit :<br>
> <br>
>> I was thinking about the possibility of using the mechanism to direct a<br>
>> government or organization to act in a minmax manner: one that intend to<br>
>> make the worst off best off, rather than improve the condition of the<br>
>> median voter.<br>
> <br>
> Just to interject quickly. To my mind these two things are (naively)<br>
> the same, and if results matched the preference of the median voter<br>
> you would have a good thing. What I expect instead, with two factions<br>
> fighting over who can capture a majority, is that the factions don't<br>
> propose (or don't enact) the median position. They want the vote of<br>
> that position, and those voters can come to the victory party, but<br>
> they won't be in control.<br>
<br>
Doesn't the pizza election show that these are not the same? Suppose the<br>
utilities are:<br>
<br>
7 voters: Pepperoni 9, Mushroom 8<br>
3 voters: Pepperoni 0, Mushroom 9<br>
<br>
The median voter prefers pepperoni. But a minmax outcome is the one that<br>
leaves the worst-off voter best off, and that's mushroom. In this case,<br>
the Heitzig consensus fails to deliver minmax, because the 70%<br>
supermajority prefers a random ballot to mushroom. But if it's<br>
two-sided, say:<br>
<br>
6 voters: Pepperoni 9, Mushroom 8, Anchovies 0<br>
2 voters: Anchovies 9, Mushroom 8, Pepperoni 0<br>
2 voters: Anchovies 0, Mushroom 9, Pepperoni 0<br>
<br>
then the outcome of a random ballot is 0.6 * Pepperoni + 0.2 * Anchovies<br>
+ 0.2 * Mushroom. The expected score is thus:<br>
<br>
To the group of 6 pepperoni voters: 7.0<br>
To the group of 2 anchovy voters: 3.4<br>
To the group of 2 mushroom voters: 1.8<br>
<br>
and everybody prefers mushroom to this, so it's in everybody's interest<br>
to choose mushroom as the consensus. Hence the minmax option wins, but<br>
in a majoritarian election method or a strategic Range election,<br>
Pepperoni wins.<br>
<br>
>> From what I remember, Jobst and Forest were originally<br>
>> trying to find a method to avoid a majority dictatorship, so my idea is<br>
>> in a way to consistently take that to its logical conclusion. If the<br>
>> state or the organization must pay attention to every voter, or to a<br>
>> supermajority of them, then it can't afford to leave some of them<br>
> badly off.<br>
>>?<br>
>> But if it's to be used as a part of normal operating procedure, then it<br>
>> has to resist strategy to some degree, and it can't take the whole<br>
>> organization or state down with it at the first sign of trouble. So if<br>
>> the brinkmanship scenario is a problem, then either the mechanism has to<br>
>> be augmented to stop it being a problem, or the assembly has to somehow<br>
>> be able to keep the peace enough that politics will never become that<br>
>> contentious to begin with.<br>
> <br>
> It seems like a tall order...<br>
<br>
Yes. I don't know of any other mechanisms that come as close as it does<br>
to implementing minmax, so it would be really nice if it could be made<br>
to work.<br>
<br>
>> Yes, that is a possibility - that a way out is to make the consensus<br>
>> option at least as good on expectation as the roll of the dice,<br>
>> discounted by whatever risk aversion exists.<br>
>>?<br>
>> That's an important point, I think. The consensus option doesn't have to<br>
>> be extremely good. For it to be chosen, it just has to be preferred to<br>
>> rolling the dice by everyone. If it's barely better, that's still good<br>
>> enough to make it pass.<br>
> <br>
> I think that may be true (if we rule out, as I say, a value to being <br>
> perceived as unwilling to compromise), but I wonder how often such a<br>
> consensus option could be expected to exist? I picture the math of it<br>
> very simply but it seems like it should be nearly a wash.<br>
> <br>
> When you say "to make the consensus option at least as good" do you<br>
> envision some kind of mechanism that could actually improve what the<br>
> consensus option is? Or maybe, easier to imagine: a rule that imposes?<br>
> some kind of universal penalty if consensus isn't achieved. A forfeiture of?<br>
> office seems like the most obvious.<br>
<br>
I was thinking that the random ballot outcome can be quite bad. E.g. the<br>
expected scores in the two-sided pizza election:<br>
<br>
6 pepperoni voters: 7.0<br>
2 anchovy voters: 3.4<br>
2 mushroom voters: 1.8<br>
<br>
If someone blinks (e.g. an anchovy voter mistakenly doesn't set mushroom<br>
as the consensus option), then the outcome is not particularly good for<br>
society as a whole. All we *really* need is the expectation of the<br>
lottery to be less than the consensus option, while resisting strategy.<br>
So in some ideal world, the expected value for the fair lottery would be<br>
something along the lines of<br>
<br>
6 pepperoni voters: 8 - epsilon<br>
2 anchovy voters: 8 - epsilon<br>
2 mushroom voters: 9 - epsilon<br>
<br>
and even for very small epsilon, it would still be preferable to choose<br>
the mushroom consensus option. But how to implement such a lottery, much<br>
less in a strategy-resistant manner, I have no idea.<br>
<br>
In a way, it's like the concept of MAD: if you give every voter his<br>
personal doomsday button to push if he doesn't get a satisfactory<br>
outcome, then minmax will happen if it's at all achievable. However, the<br>
outcome should consensus be impossible is truly horrible. The better the<br>
system can be in the "no consensus" case while leaving consensus<br>
preferable, the better the method is.<br>
<br>
The other side of that coin is what I said in the earlier post: if the<br>
consensus option is always at least as good as a random ballot, then<br>
it'll always be chosen. So making the structure around the mechanism<br>
conducive to finding a consensus would also help.<br>
<br>
We'd have to be careful that the alternative to consensus isn't biased,<br>
though. "Forfeiting one's office" might well be, just like "status quo<br>
prevails" is.<br>
<br>
<br>
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End of Election-Methods Digest, Vol 193, Issue 9<br>
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