<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Windows-1252">
<style type="text/css" style="display:none;"> P {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} </style>
</head>
<body dir="ltr">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">
<span>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Hi Cris,</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Thank you for commenting on my post asking for any criticisms of MJ.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>I will respond inline to your two relevant posts and I look forward to the next stage of our dialogue.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Steve Bosworth</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Message: 3</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Date: Wed, 22 May 2019 01:24:41 +0930</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">From: Chris Benham <cbenhamau@yahoo.com.au></span><span style="font-family:
""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">To: election-methods@lists.electorama.com</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Subject: Re: [EM] Burlington and Condorce methods</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Message-ID: <5e95b93f-398e-c151-a448-6f2632c7ca76@yahoo.com.au></span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"; Format="flowed"</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
<br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">On 21/05/2019 8:07 am, steve bosworth wrote:</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> Firstly, please correct me if I am mistaken but currently I am
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> assuming that??? we all would ideally want the Best Single-Winner Method:</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">></span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> 1) To be simple enough so voters can both use it and understand
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> how it is counted;</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">>2) To minimize the wasting of citizens? votes (see below),??? and</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> 3) To guarantee that the winner among 3 or more candidates is the
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> candidate most supported by at least 50% plus one (an absolute
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> majority) of all the citizens voting, and</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> 4)To offer as few incentives and opportunities as possible to vote tactically.</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Steve,</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">C:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Re. your point 1, yes.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Although I consider the first part to be a bit
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">more important than the second. If all the acknowledged "unbiased"
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">experts all agree that the way the votes are counted is fair it's not a huge problem if
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">some of the voters don't understand it.</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Re. your point 2, yes.</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Re. your point 3, that isn't possible.<span style="color:#323130"></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Please reconsider this mistaken assertion in the light of the exact way that Balinski and Laraki MJ counts every citizens’ vote equally (2010, Majority Judgment, MIT, p. 5).
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">C:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>And I'm wary of standards/criteria that refer to some fraction of "all the citizens
</span><span style="font-family:
""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">voting", because they are vulnerable to Irrelevant Ballots.??? But yes, we can approach this by
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">requiring that the method meet say "Mutual Relevant Majority".</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>No, with MJ every ballot is “relevant”.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>
That is how MJ ensures that each citizen’s vote will count equally until the winner is discovered.</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">C:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Re. your point 4, yes.</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">That does not encompass my full list of highly desirable or essential
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">properties.???</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"> The method shouldn't needlessly have the feature that adding or</span><span style="font-family:""",serif"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">removing a few ballots that express complete indifference among the
</span><span style="font-family:
""",serif"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">remotely viable candidates should change the winner, as does MJ and Bucklin.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>No, each and every MJ voter is interpreted to have expressed a judgment on each and every candidate.--- no “indifference” regarding any candidate.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Each citizen’s ballot will help to determine which of the ”viable candidates” will win.</span><span style="font-family:""",serif"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> Given these desires, currently I see Majority Judgment (MJ) as
</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">> superior to all of the above methods on each of these counts.</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">C:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Re. your point 1, second part, I don't think MJ does very well. I don't </span>
<span style="font-family:""",serif;
color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">completely understand it.??? Bucklin is similar and much simpler, and IBIFA is</span><span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">much better and not less simple.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>MJ’s count is relatively easy to understand:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>every citizen’s vote helps to determine every candidate’s median-grade even if they explicitly only grade one candidate as acceptable or above.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The candidate with the highest median-grade is the winner. T</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:""",serif;color:#323130"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#323130">Chris Benham</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN">PLEASE SEE BELOW</span></p>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN">
<hr width="98%" size="2" align="center">
</span></div>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN">From:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN">
C.Benham <cbenham@adam.com.au><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, May 22, 2019 12:12 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> election-methods@lists.electorama.com<br>
<b>Cc:</b> steve bosworth<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [EM] Best Single-Winner Method</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN">
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN"> <br>
C:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>To expand a bit, MJ is a Median Ratings method with a relatively complicated tie-breaker, justified by I've no idea what.<br>
<br>
Bucklin is likewise a Median Ratings method and will usually give the same winner, but the "tie breaker" is simple.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>I don’t see it as complicated at all.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>
Please look again at the description at the end of my original post (all copied below) of MJ’s count and tie breaking method, also describe on page 5 as mentioned above.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">C: An example I recently came up with to critique another Bucklin-like proposal:<br>
<br>
46: A<br>
03: A>B<br>
25: C>B<br>
23: D>B<br>
<br>
97 ballots (majority threshold = 48)<br>
<br>
(If you want MJ-style multi-slot ratings ballots, assume that all the voters have given their favourite the highest possible rating and those that rated B above bottom all gave B the same middle rating and that truncating here signifies giving the<br>
lowest possible rating).<br>
<br>
MJ and Bucklin both rightly elect A. IBIFA and IRV also elect A. A is the Condorcet winner: A>B 49-48, A>C 49-25, A>D 49-23,<br>
A>E 49>0.<br>
<br>
A is the most Top-rated candidate: A49, C25, D23, B0, E0.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>No, Balinski’s MJ not simply counts all the number of “Top-rated” grades give to all the candidates, but all the grade above each of their median-grade, plus the median-grade.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"><br>
C:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>So suppose the votes are counted and it is announced that A has won, but just before this is officially and irrevocably confirmed<br>
someone pipes up, "Hang on a minute, we found a few more ballots!" (Maybe they are late-arriving postal votes that had been<br>
thought lost.) <br>
<br>
These 3 new ballots are inspected and found that all they do is give the highest possible rating to E, a candidate with no support on any of the other 97 ballots. What do we do now? Laugh and carry on with confirming A as still the winner? No.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">S: No, Balinski’s MJ proceeds to discover any new median-grades of any of all the candidates running, including all of
the candidates not mentioned by these additional ballots, i.e. all the candidates at the bottom (i.e. all the candidates counted as “Reject” by these additional ballots).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Please consider my translation below of your above example election using the terminology and symbols used by Balinski.<br>
<br>
46: A<br>
03: A>B<br>
25: C>B<br>
23: D>B<br>
03: E<br>
<br>
100 ballots (majority threshold = 51)<br>
<br>
Now MJ and Bucklin and any other Median Ratings method elects B. All methods that I find acceptable elect A both with and without those 3E ballots.
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>And by doing so you count the value of each of these 3 votes as 0 contained in these 3 additional ballots, needless waste each, needlessly elect a candidate rejected by an absolute majority of all the voters rather than the candidate who is at least
Accepted by an absolute majority.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>You do not fulfill MJ’s promise to allow each citizen to help to determine the median-grade of all the candidates by explicitly expressing their judgment of the suitability for office
of each of all the candidates, by grading at least one candidate as at least Acceptable.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>You deny the equality of each voting citizen.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Would your currently preferred method (IBIBA) also waste votes?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>If so, how could this be justified?</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">[….]</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">Cris Benham</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#C00000;mso-ansi-language:EN"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">S:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Balinski’s recommended “grades” for voters to award to as many of the candidates as they wish with regard to their suitability for office:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Excellent (e) [ideal], Very Good (vg), Good (g), Acceptable (a), Poor, or Reject (r) [entirely unsuitable].</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Benham’s 1<sup>st</sup> example :</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">46: A </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">03: A>B</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">25: C>B</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">23: D>B</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Possibly translated using Balinski’’s MJ as follows:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>A is the winner with a median-grade of Excellent (e):</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Candidates:<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>A <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>B<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>D</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>46:e<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>03:vg<span style="mso-tab-count:
2">
</span>25:e<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>23:e</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>03:e<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>25:vg<span style="mso-tab-count:
1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>0</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>23:vg<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>0</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Total High<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>49<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>51<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>25<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>23</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Median<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>e<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>vg<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>r<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>r<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></u></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Total Low<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>48<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>46<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>72<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>74</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>23:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>25:r</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>23:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:
1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:
1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>25:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>46:r<span style="mso-tab-count:
2">
</span>46:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>46:r<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Benham’s 2<sup>nd</sup> example :</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">46: A </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">03: A>B</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">25: C>B</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">23: D>B</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">03: E</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Possible translation by Balinski’s MJ:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>B is the winner with a median-grade of Very Good (vg) :</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Candidates:<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>A <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>B<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>D<span style="mso-tab-count:
1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>H</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>46:e<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>03:vg<span style="mso-tab-count:
2">
</span>25:e<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>23:e<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>03:e</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>03:e<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>25:vg<span style="mso-tab-count:
1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:
1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>0</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>23:vg<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>0</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Total High<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>49<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>51<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>25<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>23<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>03</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<u><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Median<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>vg<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>r<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>r<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>r</span></u></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">Total Low<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>51<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>49<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>75<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>77<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>97</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:
2">
</span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>23:r<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">0<span style="mso-tab-count:
2">
</span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>23:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>25:r<span style="mso-tab-count:
1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span>25:r<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>23:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>0<span style="mso-tab-count:
2"> </span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>03:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span>25:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>46:r<span style="mso-tab-count:
2">
</span>46:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>46:r<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>46:r<span style="mso-tab-count:2">
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130"><span style="mso-tab-count:9">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:4">
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#323130">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:normal;background:
white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN"><br>
What do you think?</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:normal;background:
white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN">Steve Bosworth</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">On 21/05/2019 5:16 am, steve bosworth wrote:</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN">Re: Best Single- Winner Method</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN">Sennet Williams, Forest Simmons, Robert Bristow-Johnson, Abd dul Raman Lomax,
and </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:#323130;mso-ansi-language:EN">Chris Benham have recently addressed
each others’ claims about IRV, 3-slot Methods, IBIFA, and Asset. This discussion prompts me to request some help later after I have clarified several issues.</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:EN"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:#323130;mso-ansi-language:EN">Firstly, please correct me if I am mistaken but
currently I am assuming that we all would ideally want the Best Single-Winner Method:</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:
EN"></span></p>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0in">
<li><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:#323130;
mso-ansi-language:EN">To be simple enough so voters can both use
it and understand how it is counted;</span></li><li><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:#323130;
mso-ansi-language:EN">To minimize the wasting of citizens’ votes
(see below), and</span></li><li><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:#323130;
mso-ansi-language:EN">To guarantee that the winner among 3 or more
candidates is the candidate most supported by at least 50% plus one (an absolute majority) of all the citizens voting, and</span></li><li><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:#323130;
mso-ansi-language:EN">To offer as few incentives and possibilities
for voting tactical.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN">
</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN">Given these desires, currently I see Majority Judgment (MJ) as
superior to all of the above methods on each of these counts. However, since the above discussions have not mentioned MJ, I assume that many contributors would reject this claim for MJ. This is why I would very much appreciate receiving any of your clarifications
or explanations of how my claim for MJ cannot be sustained. What important flaws to you see in MJ?</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN">To help you to marshal your criticisms of MJ, please let me explain
more full my own understandings and reasons for favoring MJ. Firstly, I see a citizen’s vote as being wasted
<i>quantitatively</i> to the degree that it fails equally to help one of their most trusted candidates to win. A citizen’s vote is wasted
<i>qualitatively</i> to the degree that it instead helps to elect a candidate whom they judge less
<i>fit</i> for office, rather than an available candidate judged to be more fit.</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN">Other than in MJ, such waste is present in all the existing methods,
whether they ask voters to rank, score, or approve as many of the candidates as they might wish. Of course, most dramatic is the waste provided by plurality or First-Past-The-Post voting.
</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN">To counter qualitative waste, Balinski and Laraki (<i>Majority
Judgment, </i>2010 MIT) argue that our capacity for judging qualities of human behavior can be most meaningfully expressed in an election by each voter grading each candidate’s suitability for office as either Excellent (<i>ideal</i>), Very Good, Good, Acceptable,
Poor, or “Reject” (<i>entirely unsuitable</i>). These grades are more discerning, meaningful, and informative than merely expressing preferences or using numeric scores</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN"><a href="https://outlook.live.com/mail/inbox/id/AQMkADAwATExADY1Ny00YzM0LTAyOWItMDACLTAwCgBGAAADSTHcdM%2FHlEis5wp3r9KYSwcA0CuwkNT%2FUU2SYZznlLihTwAAAgEMAAAA0CuwkNT%2FUU2SYZznlLihTwACzUpKADcAAAA%3D#x__msocom_1"><span style="color:blue">[MOU1]</span></a> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:EN">,
X’s or ticks. Such grading makes it more likely that the highest quality candidate will be elected in the eyes of the electorate.
</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN">Each candidate who is not explicitly graded is counted as ”Reject”
by that voter. As a result, all the candidates will receiv the same number of evaluations, but a different set of grades from the voters. The Majority Judgment (MJ) winner is the one who has received grades from an absolute majority of all the voters that
are equal to, or higher than, the highest <i>median-grade</i> given to any candidate. This median-grade is found as follows:</span></li></ol>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in">
<li><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN">Place all the grades, high to low, top to bottom, in side-by-side columns, the name of each candidate at the top
of each of these columns.</span></li><li><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN">The median-grade for each candidate is the grade located half way down each column, i.e. in the middle if there is
an odd number of voters, the lower middle if the number is even.</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">If more than one candidate has the same highest median-grade, the MJ winner is discovered by removing (one-by-one) any
grades equal in value to the current highest median grade from each tied candidate’s total until only one of the previously tied candidates currently has the highest remaining median-grade.</span><br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN"><br>
Also, in contrast to the alternatives, Balinski explains how MJ reduces by almost half, both the incentives and opportunities for effective tactical voting. Thus, each voter has every appropriate incentive, not only to vote but to reveal their honest evaluations
of each candidate.<br>
<br>
Thus, to me, using MJ should be simpler and more satisfying because grading many candidates is both easier and more meaningful than ranking or scoring them. Also, finding and comparing the median-grades of all the candidate is quite simple. Unlike MJ, IRV,
Condorcet methods, and Scoring do not guarantee the election of the candidate most preferred by at least 50% plus one of all the citizens voting. Unlike IRV but like Condorcet methods and Score, MJ does not eliminate any candidate until the winner is discovered.</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">Finally, I would favor the following Asset option to be added at the bottom of each MJ ballot: Any citizen who currently
feels that they do not yet know enough about any of the candidates to grade them, can instead give their proxy vote to the Register Elector who will do this for them. They could do this by WRITING-IN the published code of that Registered Elector.<br>
<br>
I look forward to your comments.</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN">Steve</span><br>
<br>
</li></ul>
<br>
</span></div>
</body>
</html>