<div dir="ltr">One thing I forgot: as each ballot is added to a candidate's pile, it must be scaled by the favorability of the ballot to that candidate. That reduces the max total for each pile from ten thousand<br><div><div class="gmail_quote"><div><br></div><div>[messages referred to] <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
Today's Topics:<br>
<br>
1. A New Multi-winner (PR) Method (Forest Simmons)<br>
2. Re: A New Multi-winner (PR) Method (Abd ul-Rahman Lomax)<br>
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Message: 1<br>
Date: Wed, 10 Apr 2019 14:08:37 -0700<br>
From: Forest Simmons <<a href="mailto:fsimmons@pcc.edu" target="_blank">fsimmons@pcc.edu</a>><br>
To: EM <<a href="mailto:election-methods@lists.electorama.com" target="_blank">election-methods@lists.electorama.com</a>><br>
Subject: [EM] A New Multi-winner (PR) Method<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<CAP29ondvKCE+eFtokbCxp38ELy+Vdi_YVKCrqO08yWC=<a href="mailto:B8UrDg@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">B8UrDg@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
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<br>
As near as I know the following PR method based on Range/Score style<br>
ballots is new.<br>
<br>
This method is based on maximizing a measure of "goodness" of<br>
representation to be specified later. Slates of candidates are nominated<br>
individually for consideration, because in general there are too many<br>
possible slates to consider every one of them (due to combinatorial<br>
explosion). Among the nominated slates, the one with the best measure of<br>
"goodness" of PR is elected.<br>
<br>
To reduce the abstraction, suppose that there are only 100 candidates and<br>
that only five vacancies to be filled. Suppose further, that there are<br>
ten thousand ballots (one for each of ten thousand voters).<br>
<br>
Given a subset S of five candidates, we decide how good it is as follows:<br>
<br>
Order the set S according to their Range totals, so that the highest to<br>
lowest score order is c1, c2, ...c5. This order only comes into play to<br>
determine the cyclic order of play as the candidates "choose up teams" so<br>
to speak.<br>
<br>
Ballots are assigned to each of the candidates cyclically so that the<br>
ballot most favorable to c1 goes to c1's pile, of the remaining, the one<br>
most favorable to c2, goes to c2's pile, etc. like the way we used to<br>
choose teams when we were in grade school.<br>
<br>
(Eventually we'll get to how to automate judgment of favorability. Be<br>
patient)<br>
<br>
After 2000 times around the circle, each pile will contain exactly 2000<br>
ballots. (Thanks for your patience.)<br>
<br>
For our purposes the relative favorability of ballot V for candidate C is<br>
the probability that V would elect C if it were drawn in a lottery; i.e.<br>
V's rating of C divided by the sum of all of V's ratings for the candidates<br>
in S including C.<br>
<br>
What happens when one of more of the candidates is not shown any<br>
favorability by any of the remaining ballots? The other candidates<br>
continue augmenting their piles until they reach their quotas (two thousand<br>
each in this case), and the remaining ballots are assigned by comparing<br>
them to the official public ballots of the candidates whose piles are not<br>
yet complete. (We won't worry about the details of that for now.)<br>
<br>
For each candidate C in S add up all of the ratings over all of the ballots<br>
in the pile, but not the ratings for candidates outside of S. Divide this<br>
number by the total possible, which in this case is two thousand times five<br>
or ten thousand.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Because of the scaling by favorability, the max possible total is only two thousand, not ten thousand. <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<br>
We now have five quotients, one for each candidate. Multiply these five<br>
numbers together and take the fifth root. This geometric mean is the<br>
"goodness" score for the slate.<br>
<br>
Among the nominated slates, elect the "best" one, i.e. the one with the<br>
highest "goodness."<br>
<br>
It is easy to show that this method satisfies proportionality requirements.<br>
And (I believe) it takes into account "out-of pile" preferences as much as<br>
possible without destroying proportionality.<br>
<br>
No time for proofs or examples right now, but first, any questions about<br>
the method?<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
****<br>
><br>
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Message: 2<br>
Date: Wed, 10 Apr 2019 18:30:26 -0400<br>
From: Abd ul-Rahman Lomax <<a href="mailto:abd@lomaxdesign.com" target="_blank">abd@lomaxdesign.com</a>><br>
To: <a href="mailto:election-methods@lists.electorama.com" target="_blank">election-methods@lists.electorama.com</a><br>
Subject: Re: [EM] A New Multi-winner (PR) Method<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:be0d97ba-67e4-4982-f916-ba8208cf4b41@lomaxdesign.com" target="_blank">be0d97ba-67e4-4982-f916-ba8208cf4b41@lomaxdesign.com</a>><br>
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<br>
I continue to be amazed that someone like Forest Simmons, who was an <br>
early writer about what later was called Asset Voting, as named by <br>
Warren Smith, and was simply a tweak on STV when invented by Charles <br>
Dodgson in the 1880s, which can produce *perfect* representation, <br>
beyond? mere "proportional representation," still works on complex <br>
single ballot deterministic methods that must compromise and prevent <br>
true /chosen/ representation in favor of some sort of theory of <br>
"optimised goodness."<br>
<br>
Asset Voting can very simply produce unanimous election of seats, where <br>
the seat represents a quota of voters who have */unanimously/* <br>
consented, directly or, probably much more commonly in large-scale <br>
elections, through chosen "electors," I call them, who becomes a proxy <br>
for the anonymous voters, for the election of the seat. Asset allows the <br>
electors --- those who become public voters -- to cooperate and <br>
collaborate for the selection of seats.<br>
<br>
The "Electoral College," fully and accurately, represents *all* the <br>
voters. But it might be very large, possibly too large to even meet <br>
directly. But all that is needed is a way for electors to communicate <br>
and to register their vote assignments for the creation of seats. They <br>
could use delegable proxy to advise them how to transfer.<br>
<br>
Asset was actually tried once, and it produced a result that most would <br>
have considered impossible. 17 voters, five candidates for a three-seat <br>
steering committee. A rather sharp division, but the final result was <br>
the election of the three seats *with every vote represented directly or <br>
by proxy*. Before the third seat was elected, nevertheless two seats <br>
were elected, so the steering committee, if needed, could have made any <br>
decision by unanimous vote (two agreeing) through the representation of <br>
two-thirds of the electorate. It could, in theory, have decided to elect <br>
the third seat by using the Droop quota. (the quota had not actually <br>
been specified, and the one who called the election and created the <br>
process was not totally sophisticated on Asset, which does not need to <br>
specify an election deadline, it can, instead, leave that last seat or <br>
seats open, and consider the rest of the electorate as Robert's rules <br>
considers unrecognizable ballots: they count for determining "majority" <br>
but not as a vote for or against any candidate.<br>
<br>
So, say, there is a jurisdiction with a million voters. It is decided <br>
that an optimal assembly would be 49, so the basis for a quota could be <br>
50, and thus the quota would be 2% of the votes cast. This allows that <br>
if all electors assign their votes in exact measure to seats, 50 seats <br>
could be elected, but that outcome is improbable. (But if it happens, <br>
whoopee!), so, normally, 49 seats might be elected. Instead of electing <br>
the last seat by plurality, depending on some deadline for vote <br>
assignments, I have suggesting leaving the election open. Further, those <br>
electors could be consulted by the Assembly. This is the power of having <br>
public voters who, collectively, represent the entire electorate.<br>
<br>
Unanimous election of seats. Bayesian regret, zero. No losers. Minimal <br>
damage to the dregs. No expensive or extensive campaigning necessary. (I <br>
expect that the tradition would develop rapidly that one would only vote <br>
for people one could meet face-to-face, because how else can they truly <br>
represent? But this would be voluntary, not coerced. Basically, anyone <br>
who registers as an elector may participate further, the only <br>
requirement being a willingness to vote publicly (which is already <br>
required of elected representatives!)<br>
<br>
The U.S. Electoral College was a brilliant invention, knee-capped by the <br>
party system. It did not, however, represent the people, but <br>
jurisdictions, specifically states. It could have been reformed to <br>
represent the people, but it went, instead, toward representing the <br>
party majority in each state, in effect, becoming a rubber stamp and <br>
creating warped results.<br>
<br>
Asset is simple, close to tradition, but actually revolutionary, a <br>
dramatic shift from the entire concept of "elections" as contests. The <br>
voters would be 100% represented in the College, though voluntary <br>
choices, no need to consider "electability," hence no need for "voting <br>
strategy." Choose the available person, from a large universe, you most <br>
trust. As Dodgson noticed, that was relatively easy for ordinary voters, <br>
much easier than sensibly ranking many candidates. That complexity is <br>
completely unnecessary with Asset. No votes are wasted.<br>
<br>
The only tweak I see as needed involves making it difficult to coerce <br>
votes, by making it impossible to know that a specific person did *not* <br>
vote for one. This would not be needed for small NGO elections. In <br>
public elections, I'd have a set of known candidates who received <br>
substantial votes in a prior election, or something like that, and when <br>
electors register, they would assign their own vote to another <br>
candidate. If they receive less than N votes, their vote would be <br>
transferred as directed. If they receive N votes, they become an <br>
elector. Electors would not vote in the election, so, if they receive N <br>
votes, they get their own declared vote back and so they have N+1 votes <br>
to transfer. N should be the minimum size necessary to ensure that they <br>
cannot know that a specific person did not vote for them. If they do not <br>
receive N votes, their received votes are privately added to the total <br>
for the candidate they chose when registering. So N might be two, but if <br>
it is a bit higher, it could provide increased security. 3 might be <br>
completely adequate, together with it being very illegal to coerce votes.<br>
<br>
*No more original content below.*<br>
<br>
On 4/10/2019 5:08 PM, Forest Simmons wrote:<br>
> As near as I know the following PR method based on Range/Score style <br>
> ballots is new.<br>
><br>
> This method is based on maximizing a measure of "goodness" of <br>
> representation to be specified later.? Slates of candidates are <br>
> nominated individually for consideration, because in general there are <br>
> too many possible slates to consider every one of them (due to <br>
> combinatorial explosion).? Among the nominated slates, the one with <br>
> the best measure of "goodness" of PR is elected.<br>
><br>
> To reduce the abstraction, suppose that there are only 100 candidates <br>
> and that only five vacancies to be filled. Suppose further, that there <br>
> are? ten thousand ballots (one for each of ten thousand voters).<br>
><br>
> Given a subset S of five candidates, we decide how good it is as follows:<br>
><br>
> Order the set S according to their Range totals, so that the highest <br>
> to lowest score order is c1, c2, ...c5.? This order only comes into <br>
> play to determine the cyclic order of play as the candidates "choose <br>
> up teams" so to speak.<br>
><br>
> Ballots are assigned to each of the candidates cyclically so that the <br>
> ballot most favorable to c1 goes to c1's pile, of the remaining the <br>
> one most favorable to c2, goes to c2's pile, etc. like the way we used <br>
> to choose teams when we were in grade school.<br>
><br>
> (Eventually we'll get to how to automate judgment of favorability.? Be <br>
> patient)<br>
><br>
> After 2000 times around the circle, each pile will contain exactly <br>
> 2000 ballots. (Thanks for your patience.)<br>
><br>
> For our purposes the relative favorability of ballot V for candidate C <br>
> is the probability that V would elect C if it were drawn in a lottery; <br>
> i.e. V's rating of C divided by the sum of all of V's ratings for the <br>
> candidates in S including C.<br>
><br>
> What happens when one of more of the candidates is not shown any <br>
> favorability by any of the remaining ballots?? The other candidates <br>
> continue augmenting their piles until they reach their quotas (two <br>
> thousand each in this case), and the remaining ballots are assigned by <br>
> comparing them to the official public ballots of the candidates whose <br>
> piles are not yet complete. (We won't worry about the details of that <br>
> for now.)<br>
><br>
> For each candidate C in S add up all of the ratings over all of the <br>
> ballots in the pile, but not the ratings for candidates outside of S.? <br>
> Divide this number by the total possible, which in this case is two <br>
> thousand times five or ten thousand.<br>
><br>
> We now have five quotients, one for each candidate. Multiply these <br>
> five numbers together and take the fifth root. This geometric mean is <br>
> the "goodness" score for the slate.<br>
><br>
> Among the nominated slates, elect the "best" one, i.e. the one with <br>
> the highest "goodness."<br>
><br>
> It is easy to show that this method satisfies proportionality <br>
> requirements. And (I believe) it takes into account "out-of pile" <br>
> preferences as much as possible without destroying proportionality.<br>
><br>
> No time for proofs or examples right now, but first, any questions <br>
> about the method?<br>
><br>
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