<div dir="auto">Hi Rob,<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">What you're describing with your percent satisfaction sounds a lot like Proportional Representation, though the context of a primary is quite different.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I come from the school of "challenge makes you stronger", so I would welcome more contrasting voices into the general election. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I think that including the complementary opposition winners against your "truly viable candidates" would be a way to do that.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">You're more likely to get engagement and consequent turnout when more people feel like their voices are being heard in the debate. A slate of blandly similar center seekers would be a recipe for voter apathy. </span><br></div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">If the viable candidates are A_1 (= Approval Winner), A_2 (Approval runner up), etc., with complementary opponents B_1, B_2, etc., then I think it would be appropriate to add them in (A_i, B_i) pairs until your desired representation level is met.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Actually, I don't know if I would put the truly viable cutoff at 50%. In a true jungle primary, you might end up with only 40% winners at the highest. I might go down to 33. 3% A_i candidates if that's what it takes to get at least 66.6% voter representation. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Ted </div><br><div class="gmail_quote" dir="auto"><div dir="ltr">On Mon, Dec 3, 2018, 17:51 Rob Lanphier <<a href="mailto:robla@robla.net">robla@robla.net</a> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Hi Ted,<br>
<br>
Thanks for helping refine the idea. More inline:<br>
<br>
On Mon, Dec 3, 2018 at 12:57 PM Ted Stern <<a href="mailto:dodecatheon@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">dodecatheon@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
> In that light, I'm getting toward being on board with your MAF idea.<br>
<br>
Cool!<br>
<br>
> However, I'm still unclear on how you set up the opposition candidate pool.<br>
<br>
So am I. Before I respond to the rest of this, I'm going to lay out<br>
some goals that occurred to me as I started thinking through my reply.<br>
As I type these words, I have no idea whether or not your method<br>
complies with the goals I set out.<br>
<br>
Here's the main goal: an Approval-based system that advances truly<br>
viable candidates to the general election, creating a ballot approved<br>
by a large portion of the electorate (i.e. with a high ballot<br>
satisfaction score)<br>
<br>
Now to assign some arbitrary metrics to the subjective terms expressed<br>
or implied above:<br>
* "viable candidate" - a candidate who receives greater than 25%<br>
approval in the primary<br>
* "truly viable candidate" - a candidate who receives greater than<br>
50% approval in the primary<br>
* "marginally viable candidate" - a candidate who receives less than<br>
50% approval, but greater than 25%<br>
* "non-viable candidate" - a candidate who receives less than 25%<br>
approval in the primary<br>
* "ballot satisfaction score" - percentage of primary election voters<br>
who approve of at least one candidate on a ballot containing a given<br>
subset of primary election candidates<br>
* "high ballot satisfaction score" - Greater than 90% ballot satisfaction<br>
<br>
A rough outline for MAF version 3:<br>
* Identify the approval winner, and advance that candidate<br>
* Advance all truly viable candidates (>50% approval)<br>
* Advance a small number of marginally viable candidates to create a<br>
ballot with a high ballot satisfaction score (>90% ballot<br>
satisfaction)<br>
<br>
That last step is one that I'm still trying to figure out. There's a<br>
couple of testcases that I'm still trying to think though, and design<br>
MAF v3 around:<br>
<br>
Testcase A: Let's say that after we select all truly viable<br>
candidates, we only have a ballot satisfaction score of 85%. Let's<br>
also say that among the marginally viable canidates we have candidate<br>
A1, who is the next highest rated candidate that has 49.9% approval,<br>
but only just barely brings the ballot satisfaction score to 90%.<br>
Let's say there's a different candidate (A2) who only receives 35%<br>
approval, but brings the ballot satisfaction score up to 99%. I think<br>
my preference in that case is to have an algorithm that selects<br>
candidate A1.<br>
<br>
Testcase B: Once again, after all truly viable candidates (TVCs), we<br>
only have a 85% ballot satisfaction. Let's say that B1 is next<br>
highest, with 45%, but only brings the ballot satisfaction to 86%.<br>
Next is B2, with 44%. Adding B2 to the ballot also only gets us to<br>
86% satisfaction, and adding both B1 and B2 only gets us to 87%<br>
(TVCs+B1+B2=87%). Let's say we keep stepping through the marginally<br>
viable candidates, and we only get 1% at a time, such that<br>
TVCs+B1+B2+B3+B4+B5=90%. However, let's also say there's a candidate<br>
B9 that only has 35% overall approval, but adding that candidate alone<br>
would improve the ballot satisfaction score to 99%. I *think* I would<br>
prefer an algorithm that selects B9 rather than adding (B1, B2, B3,<br>
B4, B5).<br>
<br>
It could be very difficult to find an elegant algorithm that selects<br>
A1 for Testcase A, and B9 for Testcase B. Now to see what your<br>
proposal does....<br>
<br>
> So I understand you have the Approval Winner (AW), plus, if AW's<br>
> approval is less than a threshold, all candidates with approval > 50%<br>
> and complementary approved candidates. The question is, after you have<br>
> chosen the first complementary approved candidate, the candidate who is<br>
> approved on the most ballots that don't approve AW, how do you form the<br>
> complement for the other opposition candidates?<br>
<br>
That's what I'm still struggling with.<br>
<br>
> In my opinion, when you have a runner up highly approved candidate, the<br>
> complementary candidate should be the candidate with highest approval on<br>
> ballots that don't approve of the runner-up, not the AW. And if that<br>
> complementary opposition candidate is already in the runoff, take the<br>
> next-highest approved on those ballots until you find a new candidate.<br>
<br>
I think we agree on the first point. The complementary opposition<br>
candidate should be complementary to the candidate(s) that barely get<br>
greater than 50% approval, not to the Approval Winner (AW). The best<br>
algorithm may involve starting with the truly viable candidate with<br>
the lowest approval rating (e.g. a candidate with 50.01% approval) and<br>
working our way up to the AW until we have an acceptable ballot<br>
satisfaction score.<br>
<br>
> For example, if the approval winner is A with approval less than the<br>
> dominance threshold, also include complementary opposition candidate B<br>
> (highest approved on ballots that don't approve A), plus highly approved<br>
> runner up C with approval > 50%, plus complementary opposition candidate<br>
> D (highest approved candidate who is not A or B, on ballots that don't<br>
> approve C). If there is another highly approved runner up E with approval<br>
> > 50%, then include complementary candidate F, who is the highest approved<br>
> non-(A,B,C,D) candidate on ballots that don't approve of E. And so on.<br>
<br>
I fear that this algorithm would bias toward selecting candidates A2<br>
and B9 in my test cases up above. Both of those candidates are likely<br>
to be the most polarizing candidates, most inclined to rile up their<br>
base voters without aspiring to achieve 50% approval.<br>
<br>
An elegant algorithm that selects A1 and B9 might be hard to come by.<br>
My preference for B9 over (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5) is not very strong, and<br>
in fact, it may be that reducing the minimum ballot satisfaction score<br>
from 90% to 85% might be the right solution for that particular test<br>
case (thus not allowing B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 or B9). "90%" and "85%"<br>
are arbitrary percentages, and in fact, maybe 75% is high enough.<br>
There would be a certain elegance to choosing the same percentage<br>
(75%) for both the "highly approved candidate pool" and the "high<br>
ballot satisfaction score". That would be great motivation for<br>
candidates to try to get to 75% approval; by doing so, they could lock<br>
out marginally viable candidates from the general election ballot.<br>
But candidates getting greater than 75% approval would still have to<br>
face other highly viable candidates (candidates between 50% and 75%)<br>
in the general election.<br>
<br>
Rob<br>
</blockquote></div></div>