<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Windows-1252">
<style type="text/css" style="display:none;"><!-- P {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} --></style>
</head>
<body dir="ltr">
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" style="font-size:14pt;color:#000000;font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;" dir="ltr">
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></p>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"></p>
<hr width="98%" size="3" align="center">
</font></span></span></span>
<p></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Hi Kristofer,</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Thank you for originally telling me about MJ and helping me think that
it might be possible to modify it to enable evaluative voting also to elect multi-winners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Do you see any flaws in EPR?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Below,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>you helpfully illustrate how some varieties of voting by ranking candidates might produce somewhat similar results.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, do you agree with me that, unlike any of these varieties, EPR alone allows each voter to guarantee that her one vote will be added to the one representative whom she has helped to elect and sees as the one most ‘fit’ for the office?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">To be exact, it must also be explained why EPR sometimes must only represent
some citizens indirectly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Too briefly, this is mentioned in Endnote 8 of the published article.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The following complete explanation of this feature is not published in this version of the article but was originally added to the end of the existing section that explains how EPR can be counted by hand:</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 42pt 14pt 0in; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Thus, at this stage, each winner has the following number of affirmed evaluations:</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">A-18,
C-11, E-15, G-10, D-9, I-4, B-1.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 42pt 14pt 0in; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<a class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk419284" style="mso-comment-reference: sb_2; mso-comment-date: 20180408T1458; mso-comment-parent: 1;" previewremoved="true"></a><a class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk68818" style="mso-comment-reference: AC_1; mso-comment-date: 20180325T1718;" previewremoved="true"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Note
that this is the last type of discovery that the computer algorithm is able to make.
</font></span></span></a><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a name="_msoanchor_1" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk736603" language="JavaScript" href="file:///C:/Users/steph48/Documents/2018/Bernie/18july-Kristofer-sennet.docx#_msocom_1" previewremoved="true"><font face="Calibri">[AC1]</font></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a name="_msoanchor_2" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk891457" language="JavaScript" href="file:///C:/Users/steph48/Documents/2018/Bernie/18july-Kristofer-sennet.docx#_msocom_2" previewremoved="true"><font face="Calibri">[sb2]</font></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">However,
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">the above numbers of affirmed evaluations are slightly different from the numbers of weighted votes that were reported
in the previous section:</span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 42pt 14pt 0.5in; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle; mso-add-space: auto;">
<font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A-14,
C-12, E-14, G-10, D-9, I-4, B-5</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 42pt 14pt 0in; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">The next several paragraphs explain why these small changes have been made by hand. Not in this case,
but such differences might occur because of EPR’s promise to</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> enable each citizen to guarantee that his or her vote will continue to count in the deliberations
of the council.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, if and when none of the evaluations of at least ACCEPTABLE by at least one voter refers to one of the elected candidates, EPR’s ballot allows each voter to require the unelected candidate she had
most highly valued to transfer her <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">default</i> vote to the total number of affirmed evaluations already received by one of the winners, i.e., this candidate must give her default vote to the member he judges to be the
one most <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fit</i> for the office.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In this simulation, no such default votes are <span style="color: red;">available.<sup>8</sup></span></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Instead, the differences between the above two sets of numbers results entirely from EPR’s
rule that removes an unlikely but theoretically possible threat to democracy:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></font><a class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk951648" style="mso-comment-reference: AC_3; mso-comment-date: 20180325T1721;" previewremoved="true"><font face="Calibri">one of the elected candidates might receive enough votes to dictate to the council.</font></a></span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 8pt;"><a name="_msoanchor_3" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk77291" language="JavaScript" href="file:///C:/Users/steph48/Documents/2018/Bernie/18july-Kristofer-sennet.docx#_msocom_3" previewremoved="true"><font face="Calibri">[AC3]</font></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><font face="Calibri"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Thus, EPR limits the total percentage of all the votes in the council that any one member can retain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, this limit might be set so that at least 3 members must agree before a majority decision can be made.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For this election, this limit could be 20% (i.e. 14 weighted votes). </span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">Any most popular such member would be the first to be required to transfer her
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extra</i> votes to one or more of her fellow councilmembers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Accordingly, in this election, member A must non-returnably give her 4 extra votes to one or more of her fellow members.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Similarly, member E must transfer his extra <span style="color: red;">vote.<sup>8</sup>
</span></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Of course, different but acceptable percentage limits could be adopted by different cities,
states, or nations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, using the limit of 14 votes in our example, we report that winner A transferred her 4 extra affirmed evaluations to winner B, finally giving him a weighted vote of 5 rather than 1 in the
council. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, winner E transferred his extra affirmed evaluation to winner C, giving C a weighted vote of 12 rather than 11. Again, this means that each winner’s final weighted vote in the council is:
</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A-14, C-12, E-14, G-10, D-9, I-4, B-5. </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">In these ways, it can be seen that each EPR citizen can guarantee that his or her
vote, directly or indirectly, will continue fully to count in the deliberations of the council -– no citizen’s vote need be wasted.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<font face="Calibri"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">These are the ways in which EPR includes two different uses of ‘Asset Voting’, after the computer count has been
<span style="color: red;">completed.<sup>8</sup></span></span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> “</span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><font face="Calibri">What do you think?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I very much look forward to your feedback.</font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><font face="Calibri">Thank you,</font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><font face="Calibri">Steve</font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><font face="Calibri">++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++</font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">From:</font></span></b><font face="Calibri"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">
Kristofer Munsterhjelm <km_elmet@t-online.de><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, July 16, 2018 7:21 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Jameson Quinn; steve bosworth<br>
<b>Cc:</b> election-methods@lists.electorama.com; abd@lomaxdesign.com<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [EM] IRV et al v. EPR</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">
</span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 22.5pt; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">On 2018-07-16 20:09, Jameson Quinn wrote:<br>
> This system as described is very close to being an excellent <br>
> "Proportional Majority Judgment" method, but has one key flaw. When a <br>
> candidate is elected with more than 1 quota of support, all of their <br>
> supporting ballots are marked as used. To give a proportional method and <br>
> to minimize strategic incentives, only 1 quota of supporting ballots <br>
> should be marked as used. This could be done through some ordering <br>
> criterion (highest support for winner/lowest support for others), by <br>
> proportionally reweighting ballots, or by using up randomly-chosen <br>
> ballots; the differences between these three options would be relatively <br>
> minor.<br>
> <br>
> This reflects the basic way to transform any single-winner method into a <br>
> proportional multi-winner method: find single winners sequentially, and <br>
> then for each of those winners, "use up" the one quota of ballots that <br>
> "contributed most" to making that candidate the winner. There's room for <br>
> judgment calls in defining "contributed most", but other than that this <br>
> is a general template that IMO gives an optimal combination of good and <br>
> practical from methods as varied as IRV (which becomes STV), MJ, STAR, <br>
> Score, approval, Condorcet... in short, almost any single-winner method.<br>
<br>
Most of those multiwinner methods have unweighted winners. In EPR (as I <br>
understand it), each winner has a different weight in the assembly, and <br>
thus instead of discarding just a quota and then redistributing the <br>
surplus, it's possible to assign more than a quota to a single winner, <br>
who benefits from this "supermajority" by an increased weight.<br>
<br>
To use SNTV as an example, suppose you have a Plurality election of the <br>
type:<br>
<br>
A: 100<br>
B: 80<br>
C: 30<br>
D: 20<br>
<br>
and three to elect. If you use ordinary SNTV, then the voters who voted <br>
for A wasted their votes, since they voted in excess of what was <br>
required to have A win. However, with weighted voting, it's a simple <br>
matter of letting A have a weight of 47.6% of the total vote, B have a <br>
weight of 38.1% and so on.<br>
<br>
Suppose e.g. that the A- and B-voters both had D as their second <br>
preference. Unweighted, the wasted votes for A and B deprived D of his <br>
victory, as in SNTV, some fractions of the A- and B-voters could have <br>
strategically voted for D instead to get him above C's count, and that's <br>
what a better method with surplus redistribution would have done anyway.<br>
<br>
In a weighted method, the A and B-voters get compensated for C being <br>
elected, in the form of A and B having a greater share of power; and <br>
this is preferable from the point of view of A- and B-voters because <br>
they get to contribute directly to the power of their first choice <br>
candidates instead of having that power go to their second choice.<br>
<br>
With all that said, there's another argument that could be made in favor <br>
of doing surplus redistribution, which is that under tactical <br>
nomination, you could get something analogous to surplus redistribution <br>
anyway. If the A-voters consider D to be close to A, then some of them <br>
could vote for D, after which the fixed council size would push C off. <br>
The benefit of reducing C's strength to zero could then make up for A's <br>
relative power being reduced in the council.<br>
<br>
A stronger strategy would involve cloning A into A1 and A2 and, instead <br>
of redistributing votes to D, distributing them between A1 and A2. That <br>
produces a more party list-like outcome -- but that strategy would also <br>
be possible under an unweighted multiwinner system.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><font face="Calibri"> <br>
</font></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>