<div dir="ltr"><br><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2017-07-05 2:47 GMT-04:00 Magosányi Árpád <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:m4gw4s@gmail.com" target="_blank">m4gw4s@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><br><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><span>2017-07-04 19:58 GMT+02:00 Jameson Quinn <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:jameson.quinn@gmail.com" target="_blank">jameson.quinn@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Before you jump straight into designing mechanisms, it's important to be clear about what you're looking for: the values you want the method to fulfill. On that matter, you've said the method should be:<div><ol><li>not too shockingly new <br></li><li>"proportional representation...</li><li>...and no entry threshold"<br></li><li><div style="font-size:12.8px">The winning strategy for candidates is collaboration</div></li><span><li><div style="font-size:12.8px"><span style="font-size:12.8px">The winning strategy for voters is honest voting</span></div></li></span><span><li><div style="font-size:12.8px"><span style="font-size:12.8px">In the long run there is no two-party system</span></div></li></span></ol><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">In the end, you're definitely going to have to compromise to at least some degree on points 1, 4, and 5.</span></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div></span><div>#1 is not a requirement in my work. There are two proposals: one is a basis for discussion for parties, which should be conservative, the second is an ideal system as the proposal of the movement, which can bring in anything new, but if possible should build on the previous one. I am talking about the later now.<br></div><span><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">I'd also like to know more about #3 and #6. I understand that recently Hungary's effective number of parties has been just under 2, and that from that perspective increasing the number sounds like a great idea. But in my opinion, the ideal ENP is between 3 and 4. That gives enough room for new parties to grow and for once-major ones to die out, but still gives incentives for building coalition-based parties able to articulate the interests of more than one group of society.</span></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div></span><div>#3 is about the need to give opportunity for new parties. </div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>There are two different questions here, which I think you're collapsing into one, because traditional methods usually give the same answer to both:</div><div><ul><li>Does a small (new) party have an opportunity to win seats?</li><li>Can a small (new) party get its fair share of votes without hurting its interests? In other words, is voting for a small offshoot party, rather than the closest larger party, strategically neutral, without risk of vote-splitting/spoiled elections?</li></ul>In my opinion, it's important that the answer to the second question(s) be "no", but that does not extend to the first question.<br></div><div><br></div><div>How does this work in GOLD voting? Say that the major parties are Orange and Purple, and that Blue is a smaller party similar to Purple. As long as Blue candidates ensure that Purple comes before Orange in their predeclared delegation order, voters can safely give delegated votes to Blue candidates. If Blue support is concentrated on a few candidates, then those candidates can win fair and square. But if Blue support is diffuse, then it could happen that all the Blue candidates get eliminated up-front because none are in the top two locally. Still, those Blue votes were not wasted; they not only help Purple win more seats, but they even help ensure that it's the bluest of those Purple candidates who get those seats.</div><div><br></div><div>In the long run, these dynamics would allow the Blue party to grow organically, and even to eventually supplant the Purple party if they convince the majority of Purple's voters that they are a better choice.</div><div><br></div><div>Contrast that with, say, MMP with a 5% threshold. Under that method, if Blue is below the threshold, all the Blue votes are simply wasted. Purple politicians will tell Blue voters not to throw away their votes on Blue, and the organic growth of the Blue party will be stifled. Orange could even disingenuously fund various different versions of Blue parties — Navy, Azure, Cobalt, etc. — in order to deliberately hamper the Purple party.</div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><div>#6 is based on our experience with Duverger's law: our political system quickly became a two-party system, and even that collapsed due to the underlying positive feedback loop. We now have a monoparty authoritarian regime, shockingly similar to communist dictatorships, but the style of political communication is even more ill. That communication style fucks up our everyday life.<br></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Yes, I definitely agree with you here: the only thing that's worse than a 2-party monopoly is the 1-party state that it can collapse into, and even the most cursory understanding of Hungarian politics shows that you guys are suffering from those problems about as badly as anyone. But the question is: do you want to go as far as possible from a 1-party situation, to an Israel-style situation where no one party has even 25%? Or would you rather settle on a medium path, with 2 or 3 parties in each size category "large" (25-40%), "small"(10-24%), and "tiny"(1-9%)? In my opinion, running from one extreme to the other is not a good way to solve the problem.</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><br></div><div>This is why we put emphasis on the game theory part: we need collaborative behaviour from politicians, honesty from voters, and a rich political palette.<br></div><div>As the stakes are high, we want these properties to be mathematically proven. One way of proving it (and a hint in the search) is to trace it back to the method, which have these properties proven: Condorcet. </div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I definitely understand wanting ironclad proofs. And there is some degree to which that's attainable. But you'll never get all the way. For instance, Gibbard-Satterthwaite shows that no deterministic, non-dictatorial method avoids strategic ("dishonest") incentives for voters entirely.</div><div><br></div><div>Generally, then, instead of showing that a given method "promotes honesty", you try to show that it doesn't promote a particular, problematic, version of dishonesty. The discussion above about GOLD, unlike MMP, not having a certain problem with wasted votes and spoiled elections is one example of that kind of argument. This can be based on proof, on rigorous statistical analysis and monte carlo simulations, or just on a thorough strategic analysis. I would even say that of those three, proofs tend to be the least convincing for me, because in order for a proof to work you almost always need to restrict the problem and/or make assumptions in ways that are questionable.</div><div><br></div><div>In particular: Condorcet methods have NOT been shown to universally promote honesty from voters or collaboration from candidates. In terms of scenarios like chicken dilemma, whether or not a method is Condorcet compliant doesn't even tell you that much one way or another about its strategic properties, and there are certainly Condorcet methods that are not as good at promoting honesty as something like 3-2-1 (empirically) or SODA (provably). But all of that is single-winner, and of limited applicability to the PR cases you're interested in anyway.</div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><div>Unfortunately Condorcet is primarily a single seat method, and does not have a party list version. Though it does have a version for committees, which can help in the proof.<br></div><span><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="font-size:12.8px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">I'd urge you to take a look at <a href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/Geographic_Open_List/Delegated_(GOLD)_voting" target="_blank">GOLD voting</a> (further discussion <a href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/Geographic_Open_List/Delegated_(GOLD)_voting" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="https://medium.com/@jameson.quinn/worthwhile-nah-this-canadian-voting-initiative-is-golden-d93717a88221" target="_blank">here</a>).</span> <br></div></div></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">I don't think this is an ideal system for your use case; it was designed as a proposal for replacing FPTP, primarily in places like Canada, US, and UK. But some of the mechanisms it uses are actually quite powerful building blocks for a PR method. In particular, it:</span></div><div><ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">Uses an STV-like mechanism as an underlying process. </span></li><ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">This is a familiar, well-understood mechanism, yet it's easy to add flexible vote transfer mechanics on top.</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">Offers delegation to a candidate's pre-declared list </span></li><ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">this gives a great combination of simplicity and voting power.</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">Makes delegation optional; voters can use an open-list-like voting style if they prefer</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">This prevents political insiders from getting unearned horse-trading power to effectively set the party list order through back-room deals.</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">Eliminates candidates with inadequate direct support before they can receive transfers</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">This helps prevent tiny splinter parties from getting more than one seat, without wasting votes (or incentivizing favorite betrayal) for those inclined to support such splinter parties.</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-size:12.8px">Simplifies ballots by explicitly listing only local candidates, leaving non-local candidates as a write-in option</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">By using these mechanisms, GOLD voting does quite well on points 2, 4, 5, and 6 above; reasonably on point 1; and is arguably OK even on point 3.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px"><br></span></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div></span><div>Any proof or at least reasoning for #4,#5 and #6 ?<br></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>#4: promotes party collaboration</div><div><br></div><div>This is largely because of the pre-elimination phase, which as discussed above, disfavors smaller parties without a geographic nucleus, except in cases of a high-profile candidate who can pull in many votes from outside of their district. Since these parties will still get votes, their predeclared preference order will have real clout. That means that politicians from larger parties will have a strong incentive to listen to the interests of smaller parties, especially if they are relatively compatible ideologically to begin with.</div><div><br></div><div>#5: promotes honest voting</div><div><br></div><div>There are actually two ways in which votes can fall short of honest expressiveness: strategy and laziness. GOLD's ballot simplicity helps enormously with the laziness problem; by making it relatively easy to cast an expressive ballot, it makes it more common. </div><div><br></div><div>As for strategy... well, like any voting method, GOLD is subject to some strategy. In particular, as with many PR methods, free-riding can be an issue. But free riding is an essentially self-limiting problem; it works exactly insofar as you are in the minority who's doing it, but as soon as everyone is trying to do it, it doesn't work at all. Furthermore, GOLD's ballot format makes free riding difficult to pull off even in the best of circumstances. So I don't see that as a major concern. And really, I think that as minor as it is, other strategic issues are even smaller. If I were voting in a GOLD election, I would vote honestly, even in the kind of manichean good-versus-pure-evil situation that would make me inclined to be strategic under many other voting methods (including Condorcet).</div><div><br></div><div>Again, I encourage you to think beyond just criteria and proofs. I've done that stuff — my unpublished proof that SODA is monotonic is the longest voting criterion passage proof that I, as a serious student of the literature, am aware of — but I think that when it comes to proportional methods, pragmatics of the ballot format and comprehensibility of the process can be more important than passing abstruse criteria. </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><div><br></div><span><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px"></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">I think that by recombining mechanisms like these, you'll be able to build something that will have better appeal for the average voter. You don't want the instructions on the ballot to end up more complicated than the rules for Settlers of Catan (with the Cities and Knights expansion). GOLD's instructions ("Choose one candidate or write one in, then if you wish you may choose one of the two transfer methods") are about the limit of complication you should be going for.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.8px">All in all, I'd be happy to hear more about your group and your plans for making a difference in Hungary. I'm certainly rooting for you.</span></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div></span><div>The agenda is something like this:<br><br></div><div>- parties give their inputs until aug 10.<br></div><div>- agreement on a system until sep 20<br></div><div>- the new system is legislated until oct 23<br></div><div>If the ruling party does not meet with the last milestone (and we now they won't), we will force the change through nonviolent civil disobedience. There are a lot of activities around learning and teaching these methods, and building movements for this purpose. These are very interesting times in Hungary. And we need all help.<br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div>
</blockquote></div>I'm definitely rooting for you!</div></div>