<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote">On Fri, Jun 23, 2017 at 10:52 PM, robert bristow-johnson wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><p><span class="gmail-m_-4545114223221320504gmail-m_2927166828223447801gmail-">> ...and even when *everyone* votes tactically, rated systems still<br>
> outperform ranked systems.</span></p><p>i don't believe it. and simulations will not persuade me.</p></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Well, what would it take to persuade you, then? I linked to studies of real people, too.<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><span class="gmail-m_-4545114223221320504gmail-m_2927166828223447801gmail-"></span><p>that is a fundamental value statement </p></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Sure<br> <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><p>that stands in
opposition of the core democratic value that every person's vote should
count equally.</p><p>known as "One-person-one-vote".</p></blockquote><div><br></div><div>No, your "one vote" is your ballot of information about how you feel about the candidates, and it has just as much weight as everyone else's. <br><br>People use the same argument to campaign against ranked-choice systems, you know.<br><br><a href="http://www.lifezette.com/polizette/one-man-one-vote-under-assault-in-maine/" target="_blank">http://www.lifezette.com/<wbr>polizette/one-man-one-vote-<wbr>under-assault-in-maine/</a><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><span class="gmail-m_-4545114223221320504gmail-m_2927166828223447801gmail-"></span><p>and voter 2 will start to resent being
vulnerable and honest about things and will learn to be more polemic
about things in the future.</p></blockquote><div> </div><div>Voter 2 will be happy with the results of the election, since they only sorta liked B over A a little, anyway.<br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><p> that's the problem with elections gone bad
(like
Burlington Vermont's IRV of 2009), when voters realize they've been
punished for how they voted, there is voter regret and cynicism and
people are literally encouraged to be more polarized.</p></blockquote><div> </div><div>Yes, and utilitarian voting systems reduce polarization by choosing moderate candidates that have high approval ratings across the entire electorate. <br><br>Majoritarian systems choose polarizing candidates who have the support of a majority, even if the minority hates them.<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><span class="gmail-m_-4545114223221320504gmail-m_2927166828223447801gmail-"></span><p>no. the goal of a voting system
in a democracy is to determine, reflect, and implement the will of the
majority of citizens, all with equal franchise. letting a minority rule
sets up all sorts of incentive for strategic voting.</p></blockquote><div> </div><div>Of course we should not let minorities rule over majorities, but we should not let majorities rule over minorities, either. Majoritarianism is a form of tyranny, "might makes right". Single-winner elections should choose the candidate who is the best representative of *everyone*, not just a stronger faction.<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><span class="gmail-m_-4545114223221320504gmail-m_2927166828223447801gmail-"></span><p>consider a two-candidate election. it's just between A and B.</p><p>i don't think you'll get any mileage for the idea that B should be elected when more voters prefer A.</p></blockquote><div><br></div><div>If the electorate would be happier with B winning, then B should be the winner, even if a greater number of voters prefer A. The preferences are unequal in strength; arbitrarily assigning equal weight to them is invalid.<br><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">"Suppose you and a pair of friends are looking to order a pizza. You, and one friend, really like mushrooms, and prefer them over all other vegetable options, but you both also really, really like pepperoni. Your other friend also really likes mushrooms, and prefers them over all other options, but they're also vegetarian. What one topping should you get?<br><br>Clearly the answer is mushrooms, and there is no group of friends worth calling themselves such who would conclude otherwise. It's so obvious that it hardly seems worth calling attention to. So why is it, that if we put this decision up to a vote, do so many election methods, which are otherwise seen as perfectly reasonable methods, fail? Plurality, top-two runoffs, instant runoff voting, all variations of Condorcet's method, even Bucklin voting; all of them, incorrectly, choose pepperoni."</blockquote></div><div><br><a href="https://leastevil.blogspot.com/2012/03/tyranny-of-majority-weak-preferences.html">https://leastevil.blogspot.com/2012/03/tyranny-of-majority-weak-preferences.html</a><br><br>We need to stop thinking in terms of "who gets to push around
whom", and start thinking in terms of "what's the best choice for everyone".<br></div><div><br></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sat, Jun 24, 2017 at 6:15 PM, Brian Olson<span dir="ltr"></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><span class="gmail-m_-4545114223221320504gmail-m_2927166828223447801gmail-"><div style="font-family:"times new roman",serif"><span style="font-size:12.8px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"></span></div></span><div style="font-family:"times new roman",serif"><span style="font-size:12.8px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Sure,
simulations aren't real humans. Opinions stuck in opposition, someone
ought to do a proper psychology experiment. Devise a methodology, do a
test, get people to {rank, rate} {5,10, 20} things in a subject they
{know well, know poorly} and figure out the quality of information
gotten out of people, and ask them how they felt about how much work
they had to do to put into this.</span></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Well, psychologists do experiments on human opinion regularly. When they use a ranked-choice system, they call it an "ipsative" measure. When a score-based system (the Likert scale), they call it a "normative" measure. It's understood that rankings cannot meaningfully be compared between individuals; only ratings can.<br><br><br>"In summary, one may state that scores originally obtained as ipsative measures may legitimately be employed only for purposes of intraindividual comparisons. Normative measures may be employed for either interindividual or intraindividual comparisons." <a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1971-01501-001">http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1971-01501-001</a><br><br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale</a><br><br><br>I also linked to some studies earlier, showing improved predictive validity of ratings over rankings. Ranked-choice ballots tend to be biased by the order in which the choices are presented, demonstrating that not all of the forced rankings are meaningful.<br><br>"Early
Krosnick research ("Maximizing Questionnaire Quality", 1999) saw ranking
questions as having greater predictive validity, but a number of
studies since, include his own later research, show rating questions as
having greater validity (Krosnick, Thomas, and Shaeffer, 2003; Maio, Roese, Seligman, Katz, 1996)." <a href="http://blog.verint.com/ranking-questions-vs-rating-questions">http://blog.verint.com/ranking-questions-vs-rating-questions</a><br></div> <br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sat, Jun 24, 2017 at 7:12 PM, robert bristow-johnson <span dir="ltr"></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><p>i presume that Arrow knew what he was writing about.<span class="gmail-m_-4545114223221320504gmail-m_2927166828223447801gmail-"><br></span></p></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Well, after mathematically proving that all ranked-choice voting systems are flawed, Arrow became a fan of score voting, and evaluating voting systems by their actual outcomes. :)<br><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><p><strong>CES: Do you have any particular preferences or ideas as far
as how voting methods should be evaluated in the future? Or, do you
think there are certain things we should look at in trying to figure out
what voting methods we should push?</strong></p>
<p>Dr. Arrow: Well, I’m a little inclined to think that score systems
where you categorize in maybe three or four classes probably (in spite
of what I said about manipulation) is probably the best. And that is to
look at the outcomes and see if everybody says, “well, that seems
intuitively a reasonable outcome given the inputs.” And some of these
studies have been made. In France, [Michel] Balinski has done some
studies of this kind which seem to give some support to these scoring
methods.<br></p></blockquote><a href="https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow">https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow</a><br><br></div></div></div></div>