<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Windows-1252">
<style type="text/css" style="display:none;"><!-- P {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} --></style>
</head>
<body dir="ltr">
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" style="font-size:14pt;color:#000000;font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" dir="ltr">
<p><font face="Times New Roman"></font></p>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 8pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 14pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Re:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Multiwinner methods with weighted votes</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 14pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">To Kristofer and everyone:</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<div align="center" style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">
<hr width="98%" size="2" align="center">
</font></span></div>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">From:</font></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">
Kristofer Munsterhjelm <km_elmet@t-online.de><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, April 2, 2017 1:00 PM></font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<font face="Calibri"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">To:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">
steve bosworth; <a>election-methods@lists.electorama.com</a>;</span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> K: [….] I'd like to note a few things.<br>
<br>
> - You could use MJ instead of IRV. Since APR prior to weighting is<br>
> basically "elect candidates by IRV …”, and you've stated<br>
> that MJ is better than IRV, APR should be better if you replace it with<br>
> "elect candidates by MJ a bunch of times". All you need is another way<br>
> of counting which voters contributed to which candidates' election. My<br>
> party list-type Bucklin method will do the job, for instance.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">K:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As I mentioned in the previous mail, I have constructed a</font></span><span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">
multiwinner <br>
generalization of Bucklin/MJ.</font></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> It can be
used both for STV-type methods <br>
and weighted vote-type methods. See <br>
</font></span><a href="https://github.com/kristomu/voting-scripts/tree/master/new_methods/bucklin_range"><span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">https://github.com/kristomu/voting-scripts/tree/master/new_methods/bucklin_range</font></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">In essence, you count the number of Excellent votes
alone first. If any <br>
candidate has more than a threshold's worth of Excellent votes alone, he <br>
is elected with weight equal to the number of votes he got, and the <br>
votes are removed from consideration.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">You count the number of Excellent and Very good votes,
and repeat the logic. You choose the <br>
threshold to be the lowest number so that the number of elected <br>
candidates comes out right (to 435 or whatnot).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[….]</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<font face="Calibri"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br>
S: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thank you for suggesting that I consider using a form of Bucklin/MJ rather than a form of IRV for my ARP.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Please correct me if I have not fully understood your brief description of your own “multiwinner generalization of Bucklin/MJ”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Using the USA as an example, below I will try to modify my APR proposal so that it is in line with my understanding of your Bucklin/MJ. I will call it Evaluative Associational Proportional Representation (EAPR).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Contrary to my first expectations, I see now how EARP, like ARP would allow the electorate to be represented most clearly as being composed of up to 435 groups, each enthusiastically holding a somewhat different worldview.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>How does this compare with your “party list-type Bucklin method”?<br>
<br>
Similar to APR, EAPR would also enable each citizen to guarantee that their one vote would be added to the “weighted vote” of the one congressperson they</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">
value most highly. <span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If no candidate she had evaluated at least as Acceptable, the EAPR ballot would allow her to require the candidate she had evaluated most highly to transfer her one vote
to the congressperson he sees as the one most “fit” for the office.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If she had given more than one candidate her highest evaluation, the one that would pass her vote on in this way would be determined by lot.
</span></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Well before the general election, EAPR’s “primary election”
would help to provide EAPR’s benefits. In this primary, citizens would be asked to use their “evaluations” rather than their “preferences” to help society discover the group of nationwide applicant organizations (e.g. political parties, interest groups, electoral
districts, etc.) who are most valued by the electorate, i.e. the “associations” through which all voters will elect the 425 congresspersons later in the general election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each citizen would be asked to give one of the following “grades” to as many of the applicant organizations as they might wish:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Excellent, Very Good, Good, Acceptable, Poor, or Reject. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In this way, each citizen would record the extent to which they see each applicant organization as likely to offer a list of attractive candidate for any US voter to “grade” in the later general election.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each organization not marked by a voter would be counted as Rejected by that voter.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Each organization that receives at least 1/435 of all
the registered voters in the country as giving it their highest available evaluations would become an “association”.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the same time, each citizen who had given their evaluation to one of these associations would become a registered voter through that association during the later general election.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If none of the organizations given a “grade” of Acceptable or above by a citizen becomes an “association” in this way, that citizen would instead automatically become a registered voter through the geographically defined
“association” in which they reside (i.e. their local electoral district).</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Again, these EAPR “associations” would be composed of
all the most valued organizations that had received at least the above threshold of voters giving
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>them their highest available evaluations. The primary’s discovering of these associations would start by counting only the number of Excellents received by each applicant organization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Any organization receiving the largest number of Excellents above the threshold number would be the first association to be discovered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each citizen who had evaluated this organization as Excellent would become a registered voter through this association during the later general election at their local polling station.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The total number of evaluations received by each association would help to determine the number of congresspersons which must be elected later in the general election to represent it in the House of Representatives, e.g. an association receiving 1/435
would elect one congressperson, an association receiving 2/435 would elect two.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>See the Endnote for more details. </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">For the discovery of each succeeding association, one
by one, all the remaining evaluations given to all the remaining applicant organizations by each citizen who had already become a registered voter through one of the previously discovered associations would not be used to help discover any other association.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This guarantees that each citizen’s one vote in the primary will count only once, i.e. for the association in which they become a registered voter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consequently, the second association to be discovered would be the one, if any, which had received the next highest number of Excellents above the threshold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Similarly, any other organizations who had received at least the threshold of the remaining Excellents would also be one of this first group of associations to be discovered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The second group of associations to be discovered would be composed of all those remaining organizations that had received at least the threshold but only by also adding all the remaining Very Goods they had received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Similarly, the third group would be composed of all other organizations that had received at least the threshold but only by also adding all the remaining Goods they had received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Similarly, the fourth group would be composed of all the other organizations that had received at least the threshold but only by also adding all the remaining Acceptables they had received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Any citizens who had not yet become a registered voter for the general election through one of these associations as a result of the above counts would nevertheless now be added to one of these if they had given it at least an evaluation of Acceptable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, if none of their evaluations would allow them to become a registered voter in this way, they would instead automatically become a registered voter through their local electoral district (the geographically defined “association” in which they
reside).</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">During the later general election of congresspersons,
each citizen would be asked to evaluate as many of the candidates in the country as they might wish, i.e. giving each one of the above “grades”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Any candidate not marked by a voter would be counted as Rejected by that voter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Similar to the count in EARP’s primary, the first candidate in the country to be elected to the House would be the one, if any, who had received the highest number of Excellents above the threshold, i.e. at least 1/435 of all citizens in the country
who have voted. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, to honor the principle of one-person-one-vote, all the evaluations given to other candidates by voters who have elected an earlier candidate would play no part in electing any later candidate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, the next candidates to be chosen, one by one, would be the one, if any, who had received the next highest number of remaining evaluations above the threshold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, the second candidate to be elected would be the one, if any, who had received the next highest number of remaining Excellents above the threshold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All such winners would constitute the first group of congresspersons elected.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Similarly, the second group would be those that had
received at least the threshold but only by also adding all the remaining Very Goods they had received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The third group would be those that had received at least the threshold but only by also adding all the remaining Goods they had received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The fourth group would be those that had received at least the threshold but only by also adding all the remaining Acceptables they had received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The fifth group would be composed of the most highly evaluated candidates but those who had not received even the above threshold number of evaluations, i.e. only the number of congressperson who are still needed to complete the exact number to be elected
to represent each association as previously determined by EAPR’s primary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In any case, each congressperson would have a “weighted vote” in the House exactly equal to the total number of evaluations from citizens used to elect them.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Next, the vote of any citizen whose vote had not yet
been counted toward the “weighted vote” of an elected candidate as a result of any of the above counts would now be added if possible to the “weighted vote” of the congressperson to whom she had given at least an evaluation of Acceptable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, if a citizen’s vote still could not be added in this way to the “weighted vote” of one of the candidates who has already been elected, EAPR’s ballot allows a citizen to require the non-elected candidate to whom she had given her highest evaluation
to transfer her one vote to the ”weighted vote” of the congressperson he believes is the one most qualified for the office.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this way, each citizen guarantees that their vote will continue fully to count within the deliberations of the House.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Finally, all the above counts must be interpreted so
as to guarantee the election of the exact number of congresspersons to represent each association in the House as determined by the results of EAPR’s primary.</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="background: rgb(244, 244, 244); margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Endnote</font></span></b></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Calibri">When initially discovered, each “association” would immediately know the minimum number of congresspersons it would be allowed to elect, e.g. 2 if it had
at least two 435<sup>ths</sup> of the nation’s registered voters, 3 if at least three 435<sup>ths</sup>, etc.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, if together all these associations had not yet been authorized to elect all 435 representatives, the remaining number needed to complete the 435 would be distributed between these associations as follows: One
by one, the right to elect an additional representative would be given sequentially to the association that currently has the “highest remainder’’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A ‘remainder’ here is the number of electors beyond the minimum required to allow an association to elect one, two, three, or x number of representatives, as previously explained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The second additional representative would be added to the association with the second largest remainder, and so forth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This adding process would continue until the exact number of representatives that each association would elect as its contribution to the 435 had been discovered.
</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Calibri">I now see EARP as superior to ARP because:</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal; direction: ltr;">
<li style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">It is easier and more informative for citizens to grade candidates rather than rank them.</span></p>
</li><li style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">It does not eliminate any candidate from consideration in the count until all the winners have been discovered.</span></p>
</li><li style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">It entirely eliminates the possible occurrence of either the Condorcet or Arrow paradox.</span></p>
</li></ol>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Calibri">What do you think?</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font>
<p></p>
Steve
<p><br>
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>