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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Re: No Wasted Votes</font></span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">To Everyone:</font></span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Because I want a more complete democracy, I want to explain: “How Each Citizen’s Vote Can Fully Count in the Legislature” – no votes wasted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Using California’s legislative Assembly as an example, the system I call Associational Proportional Representation (APR) would allow each citizen to guarantee that their one vote will be added to the “weighted vote”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>in the Assembly of the elected member they trust most.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The details of exactly how APR would work in practice are explained in the article which I will email to you upon request (stevebosworth@hotmail.com).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, please let me briefly describe it below.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Your feedback would be very much appreciated.</font></span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">APR uses a greatly strengthened development of Ranked Choice Voting (RCV, or Single Transferrable Voting (STV)).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>From their local polling stations, each citizen would rank 1-2-3 ... as many of the candidates in the whole state as they might wish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each member would have a “weighted vote” in the Assembly exactly equal to the number of citizens who had helped to elect them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Well before the general election, APR’s “associational” element would be provided by APR’s special primary election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This “primary” would discover society’s most popular voluntary organizations through which all citizens will rank candidates during the later general election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>During the “primary”, citizens’ would rank any of these organizations (e.g. political parties and interest groups) who had applied to the state’s electoral commission to be allowed to send at least one member to the Assembly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each citizen would be able to rank any of these organizations seen by her to reflect her own worldview, and thus seen as most likely to nominate attractive candidates for her to rank in the general election later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The more non-geographically defined “associations” so discovered, the fewer but larger would be the average size of the existing geographically defined “associations” (i.e. districts).
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Now I want to explain exactly how APR uses a “much strengthened” RCV (IRV or AV) or STV method.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instead of using ordinary STV to elect all of the assembly’s members from a number of multi-winner districts, APR’s strengthened STV
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">allows each citizen to rank any number of the candidates running in the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This much wider choice of candidates makes it more likely that each citizen’s vote will help to elect a member who is as close as possible to her ideal, and thus her one vote is much less likely to be qualitatively wasted;
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">gives each member a “weighted vote” in the assembly exactly equal to the number of citizens who have helped to elect them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This helps to ensure that no citizen’s vote will be wasted quantitatively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These “weighted votes” also include what ordinary STV calls “surplus votes”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>APR’s count has no need to calculate either quotas or the fractions of votes that ordinary STV requires to be transferred to other candidates; and</span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">if and when none of the candidates a citizen has ranked is elected, the ballot allows her to require her first but eliminated candidate to transfer
her one vote to the elected candidate seen to be most likely to represent both him and her most faithfully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This allows each citizen to guarantee that their one vote will fully count in the assembly.</span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Adding this last “Asset Voting” feature to STV would
make it "STVa".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would also become "STVawc" when the above “weighted votes” and “California-wide choice” features are added.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, STVc (California-wide choice) would probably allow each citizen to guarantee, if she so desires, that her vote will at least help to strengthen the voting power of the most popular member of her favored political party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If this particular STVc strategy happened to fail, STVa (Asset) would still allow this voter to guarantee that her vote will nevertheless strengthen the voting power in the legislature of the elected member whom also most probably shares her worldview.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In this context, STVw additionally enables each citizen to guarantee that his or her one vote will continue fully to count in the legislature, both quantitatively and qualitatively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It also guarantees complete party proportionality in the legislature.</font></span></p>
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<font face="Calibri"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Finally, the average quality of STVawc’s candidates
in the eyes of voters is likely to be improved even more by adding the remaining feature of Associational Proportional Representation (APR) to STVawc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This feature is supplied by APR’s special “primary” election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This primary discovers all the “electoral associations</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">” (geographically defined
or not) through which all citizens would elect all the members of the assembly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At the same time, each voter determines through which “association” she will be voting during the later general election, her most preferred “association”.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is achieved by allowing all citizens to rank any of all the voluntary organizations in society who have applied to the State’s electoral commission to be permitted to elect at least one member to the legislature.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each citizen could rank any number of these applicant organizations according to how closely each reflects their own worldview.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She would see her first choice as being the one most likely to nominate the most attractive candidates for her to rank later in the general election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At the same time, these rankings would determine the most popular group of these organizations that together are both proportionately supported by all the voters and are able to elect the whole assembly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is each of these organizations that would be officially recognized as an electoral “association”.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the primary, each “association” would nominate candidates to represent its interests and concerns and for citizens to rank during the later general election. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These arrangements
would entirely remove the anti-democratic effects of any gerrymandering or safe-districts.
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><font face="Calibri">Therefore, in contrast to all the other ways to elect a legislature, APR:</font></span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">would not waste any citizens’ votes,
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">quantitatively or qualitatively,</span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">would</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">
entirely remove the anti-democratic effects of any gerrymandering or safe-districts,</span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">would</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">
make each member see that each of his electors who becomes disappointed with his performance in the assembly will be easily able instead to give her one vote during the next general election to a candidate she sees as more trustworthy, and</span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">would</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">
provide exact party and individual proportionality in the legislature.</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Also,
please feel free to request me to send you any of the appendices listed at the end of the above article, e.g.
</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">APPENDIX 2:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Optimal Quality Representation Provided</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,
</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">APPENDIX 6:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Working Majorities are Likely in APR Legislatures</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">
</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt;">APPENDIX 7:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Strategy for Introducing APR into the USA</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></font></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">What do you think?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I very much look forward to your feedback, questions or criticisms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></font></span></p>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><font face="Calibri">Best regards,</font></span></p>
<font face="Times New Roman"></font><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Steve
</span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(stevebosworth@hotmail.com)</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
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