<div dir="ltr"><br><div class="gmail_extra">Erik--<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<span class=""><br>
> 2. Not Precinct-Summable:<br>
><br>
> If we had pubic ballot-imaging, then any voting system would be secure against count-fraud.<br>
> But we don't, and verifiable vote-count is something that we'll probably never have. So, given the<br>
> ridiculously questionable vote-counting, the last thing that we need is a voting-system that makes<br>
> count-fraud even easiesr than it already is.<br>
<br>
</span>That's a good point, and I think anyone who's been paying attention to<br>
the ballot scanner chaos in Michigan and some of the other disasters<br>
of this election would take these concerns seriously.<br>
<br>
I'm not familiar with the full set of rules governing ballot<br>
initiatives, but would it be feasible to make IRV ballot initiatives<br>
contingent on a third party voting equipment audit and overhaul?<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Maybe IRvists' desire to enact IRV could be a motivation for them to demand verifiable vote-counting. So far as I'm aware, nothing less than public ballot-imaging will do. <br><br></div><div>I probably already defined that in my other post, and so I'll just describe it very briefly. It seems to me that I read that vote-counting used to be a public event, with people, and party-representatives in particular, observing the count, but I don' t know for sure if that's so. But it's a good idea. <br><br></div><div>Nowadays, it should be public ballot-imaging:<br><br></div><div>Whether the voting is by marking a paper, or by touchscreen, there should be a paper ballot (maybe coming out of the touchscreen voting machine). The voter looks at it, and puts it in a slot in a locked ballot-box.<br><br></div><div>On count-day, each ballot, one at a time, is placed on a table, sequentially stamped. Above the table is a frame on which are mounted digital cameras belong to & operated by, political parties across the political spectrum. I'll call them "observer parties" (OPs). <br><br></div><div>Each OP thus has its own images of all the ballots at the precinct (and therefore at all the precincts), and can scan them into a computer program, and do their own count.<br><br></div><div>OP representatives ride with the ballot-boxes to & from secure storage.<br><br></div><div>Secure storage is in a windowless reinforced concrete building or room, and includes locks, cameras, & alarms owned & operated by each of the OPs.<br><br></div><div>Attempted count fraud or ballot-tampering would be treated as the serious felony that it is, and would result in mandatory life imprisonment without possibility of parole, in a maximum-security facility.<br><br></div><div>I suppose that that could be part of an IRV initiative, but maybe it should be established before IRV is even considered.<br><br></div><div>Of course there's no democracy at all, without verified vote-counting, and I don't know of any way to achieve it without public ballot-imaging.<br><br></div><div>European-style PR would be great. But, for the U.S., that, and any reform at all, is really all science-fiction.<br><br></div><div>I don't want to try to discourage anyone who is trying for improvement, but I'm just saying don't count on success.<br><br></div><div>A runoff with Score would fail FBV. I strongly recommend against runoffs with Score or Approval.<br><br></div><div>Michael Ossipoff<br><br></div><div><br> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
== IRV vs. other methods ==<br>
<br>
There seem to be a few competing reform efforts in the US right now:<br>
<br>
1) the IRV->STV path, which appears to be Fairvote's main reform<br>
strategy, and which has plenty of precedent (positive and negative)<br>
2) some limited advocacy for European-style PR models, mostly by academics<br>
3) business-backed initiatives for nonpartisan blanket primaries<br>
("jungle primaries")<br>
4) some completely novel schemes, e.g. score runoff voting (which is a<br>
possible upgrade for 3)<br>
<br>
Am I forgetting some?<br>
<br>
A few comments on each of these reform projects.<br>
<br>
=== The IRV->STV path ====<br>
<br>
I am skeptical about this path not because of the Condorcet Winner<br>
deficiencies of IRV, but because we've seen repeals of IRV and STV in<br>
the past. I think those repeals have almost always been politically<br>
motivated and used anti-intellectual arguments ("pinball voting",<br>
"lottery voting"), so we should not overestimate the role that IRV's<br>
failure to find the Condorcet Winner played in repeals. Jack Santucci<br>
argues convincingly that repeals generally are the result of changing<br>
party power constellations:<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.jacksantucci.com/docs/papers/repeal_dec2016.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.jacksantucci.com/<wbr>docs/papers/repeal_dec2016.pdf</a><br>
<br>
The story of IRV/STV's rejection suggests to me that simplicity is one<br>
of the greatest virtues of voting system reform (which relates to your<br>
point about voting security as well), and should lead us to question<br>
whether this is really the best path, regardless of near-term<br>
successes as in Maine.<br>
<br>
At the same time, we should all be prepared to refute<br>
anti-intellectual arguments, and be ready to speak to IRV/STV's<br>
virtues relative to plurality.<br>
<br>
=== European-style PR models ===<br>
<br>
As a European, I love open list PR, but I understand the desire to<br>
have local plurality winners that's a big part of US culture. One of<br>
the most interesting proposals in this regard is Single Ballot Mixed<br>
Member Proportional (SB-MMP), as explained here:<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/BR8397882/br-external/HutcheonDavidA-TomekJennifer-e.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/<wbr>HOC/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/<wbr>BR8397882/br-external/<wbr>HutcheonDavidA-TomekJennifer-<wbr>e.pdf</a><br>
<br>
And here:<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/BR8538777/br-external/SlavenRobert-e.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/<wbr>HOC/Committee/421/ERRE/Brief/<wbr>BR8538777/br-external/<wbr>SlavenRobert-e.pdf</a><br>
<br>
This system is easy to summarize: You vote for your preferred local<br>
candidate and party with the same vote. The plurality winner becomes a<br>
district representative. The overall party % is used to draft<br>
additional region-wide representatives, preferring the best-performing<br>
runners-up. The end result is a proportional legislature or council in<br>
which ever member has strong district ties, and where vigorous<br>
district-level campaigns are the norm.<br>
<br>
That last part, I think, is a pretty big deal. Imagine Green Party<br>
candidates in every district really fighting hard to get the most<br>
votes, because it may make the difference for _them_ to get drafted to<br>
the legislature. It would lead to a much richer, more diverse, more<br>
competitive democracy. And it would instantly obsolete gerrymandering,<br>
allowing districts to be drawn in a manner that reflects people's real<br>
neighborhoods.<br>
<br>
Legal scholar Allan Ides similarly has expressed strong support for a<br>
(two vote) MMP style model for the California assembly, alongside<br>
transition to a unicameral assembly. ICYMI, his "Approximating<br>
Democracy" paper from 2011 is excellent, in my opinion:<br>
<br>
<a href="http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=llr" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/<wbr>cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=<wbr>1001&context=llr</a><br>
<br>
Generally, I think for most reformers feel like MMP is a bridge too<br>
far in America. However, I think when we consider it in combination<br>
with other changes, it's perhaps not so crazy an idea.<br>
<br>
=== Jungle primaries ===<br>
<br>
The jungle primary (technical term: nonpartisan blanket primary -<br>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Nonpartisan_blanket_primary</a> ),<br>
implemented by ballot initiative in WA and CA, is a pretty big change<br>
to elections and I don't think it's fully understood. It moves America<br>
closer to the French model of two-round voting, except that in France,<br>
every party still gets to hold its own primary, and both general<br>
election rounds are a big deal with 80% turnout.<br>
<br>
In the jungle primary as implemented in CA, you may get weird<br>
intra-party spoiler effect, or you may end up with two candidates from<br>
the same party in the final round.<br>
<br>
It's overall an odd reform; I'm frankly surprised it was implemented<br>
given the obvious adverse consequences for small parties (they don't<br>
have much of a chance to get to the general ballot anymore) and the<br>
seemingly insane decision to use plurality voting for the first round.<br>
Oregon soundly rejected it, but it's backed by business interests who<br>
want to see "less partisanship" so it will probably keep coming back<br>
onto the ballot in other states.<br>
<br>
=== Other reform initiatives ===<br>
<br>
Range voting seems to have a lot of dedicated fans, and the Score<br>
Runoff Voting proposal is pretty elaborate:<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.equal.vote/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.equal.vote/</a><br>
<br>
Intuitively, I'm skeptical of the strategic voting properties in the<br>
real-world, and the arguments on the site aren't wholly persuasive in<br>
that regard. But some alternative-voting first-round (perhaps approval<br>
rather than score) makes sense to me as an upgrade for jungle<br>
primaries.<br>
<br>
=== Centrists vs. partisans ===<br>
<br>
A big distinction between many reform efforts seems to be whether they<br>
want to elect centrists who appeal to everyone, or partisans who<br>
appeal to a large faction while being very off-putting to others. It<br>
doesn't make sense to me to aim for pure centrism in assemblies,<br>
Congress, etc. -- you lose the ability to _directly_ represent<br>
specific concerns, and instead aim for some kind of prototype<br>
politician-bot who can serve all constituencies. It's understandable<br>
why business interests would want such a system, since it has a<br>
consistent API for lobbyists.<br>
<br>
But it's unlikely the general populace will be very satisfied with it<br>
in the long run, since many concerns and ideas will never be directly<br>
represented in such a system. And I doubt that it produces the best<br>
politics, because it lacks the tension/disruption that makes<br>
innovation possible.<br>
<br>
At the same time, in the American presidential system, positions like<br>
Governor or President are arguably _least_ suited for strong<br>
partisanship, because these figures have to be able to speak to<br>
everyone, and help bridge divides in Congress or a state legislature.<br>
So this is where you might actually bias in favor of a system that<br>
elects centrists.<br>
<br>
Hence my personal bias, so far, based on everything I've read about<br>
reform in the US and voting systems elsewhere:<br>
<br>
1) Transition to unicameral legislatures for the reasons outlined by Allan Ides,<br>
2) Transition to SB-MMP or another MMP variant to elect members of<br>
these legislatures, as also well-argued by Ides; possibly extended to<br>
city councils, as well;<br>
3) Replace the first-round voting system in jungle primaries and limit<br>
it to unique offices like governor, president.<br>
<br>
Regarding 3), the use of approval voting, for example, would mean that<br>
the two candidates advancing into the final round would both be people<br>
with wide appeal (although they might still be from the same party,<br>
which is a bit bizarre for an office like governor).<br>
<br>
Note that none of the above includes reference to IRV or STV. We may<br>
be able to do away entirely with any notion of ranking, or even<br>
scoring, by focusing on "single X" and "multiple X" methods. This is<br>
not a criticism of Fairvote's efforts, but simply a hypothesis that a<br>
reform platform more closely in line with the above steps would<br>
produce better long term outcomes. It's simple for voters, yields<br>
proportional representative bodies, and balances centrism with<br>
partisanship.<br>
<br>
If you've made it this far, thank you -- would appreciate anyone<br>
poking holes in the above logic.<br>
<br>
Warmly,<br>
<br>
Erik<br>
<div class="HOEnZb"><div class="h5">----<br>
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