<div dir="ltr">Whoops. When I stated that PAR meets FBC on a restricted domain, I forgot to stipulate that one of the restrictions is that there should be no honest Condorcet cycles. I also didn't state that the voters should all have one ideological stripe for which they reject none of the candidates.</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2016-11-11 6:44 GMT-05:00 Jameson Quinn <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:jameson.quinn@gmail.com" target="_blank">jameson.quinn@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Here's the <a href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/Prefer_Accept_Reject_voting" target="_blank">definition of PAR</a> again:<div><br></div><div><ol style="margin:0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em;padding:0px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px"><li style="margin-bottom:0.1em"><b>Voters can Prefer, Accept, or Reject each candidate.</b> Default is "Reject" for voters who do not explicitly reject any candidates, and "Accept" otherwise.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0.1em"><b>Candidates with a majority of Reject, or with under 25% Prefer, are disqualified</b>, unless that would disqualify all candidates.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0.1em">Each voter gives 1 point to each non-eliminated candidate they prefer; and any voter who gave no such points (because their preferred candidates were all eliminated) gives 1 point to each non-eliminated candidate they accept. <b>The winner is the candidate with the most points.</b></li></ol></div><div><br></div><div>Note that since originally proposing this method, the only substantive change to the process above has been a slight adjustment in the default rule: the part where default is "Reject" for voters who do not explicitly reject any candidates.</div><div><br></div><div>As previously discussed, this method does not meet FBC. For instance, consider the following "non-disqualifying center-squeeze" scenario:</div><div><br></div><div>35: AX>B</div><div>10: B>A</div><div>10: B>AC</div><div>5: B>C</div><div>40: C>B</div><div><br></div><div>None are eliminated, so C wins with 40 points (against 35, 25, 35 for A, B, and X). However, if 6 of the first group of voters strategically betrayed their true favorite A, the situation would be as follows:</div><div><br></div><div><div>29: AX>B</div><div>6: X>B</div><div>10: B>A</div><div>10: B>AC</div><div>5: B>C</div><div>40: C>B</div></div><div><br></div><div>Now, A is eliminated with 51% rejection; so B (the CW) wins.</div><div><br></div><div>Is this violation of FBC a serious defect in the system? I would argue it isn't. In the above scenario pair, candidates A, B, and C are the clear frontrunners, with X being merely a distraction. In that context, the 10 B>AC voters are clearly not using their full voting power. If they voted their true preferences, whether those are B>A>C or B>C>A, then either A or C would have to be eliminated, and B would win.</div><div><br></div><div>More generally, one can "rescue" FBC-like behavior for this system by restricting the domain to voting scenarios which meet the following three restrictions:</div><br>Each candidate either comes from one of no more than 3 "ideological categories", or is "nonviable".<br>No "nonviable" candidate is preferred by more than 25%.<br>Each voter rejects at least one of the 3 "ideological categories" (that is, rejects all candidates in that category).<br><br>If the above restrictions hold, then PAR voting would meet FBC. It is arguably likely that real-world voting scenarios will meet the above restrictions, except for a negligible fraction of "ideologically atypical" voters. For instance, in the first scenario above, the three categories would be {AX}, {B}, and {C}, and the B>AC voters, who violate the third restriction, would probably actually vote either B>A or B>C, which wouldn't violate that restriction.<div><br><div>Also, note that in any scenario where PAR fails FBC for some small group, there is a rational strategy for some superset of that group which does not involve betrayal. For instance, in first scenario above, if 11 of the AX>B voters switch to >AXB, then A is eliminated without any betrayal.</div><div><br></div><div>If you're really concerned about FBC failure, then you can always use <a href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/FBPPAR" target="_blank">FBPPAR</a> instead:</div><div><br><ol style="margin:0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em;padding:0px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px"><li style="margin-bottom:0.1em">Voters can Prefer, Accept, or Reject each candidate. Default is "Accept"; except that for voters who do not explicitly reject any candidates, default is "Reject". Voters can also mark a global option that says: "I believe that voters like me should be the first to compromise."</li><li style="margin-bottom:0.1em">Candidates with a majority of Reject, or with under 25% Prefer, are eliminated, unless that would eliminate all candidates. If a candidate would have been eliminatable considering all the "prefer" votes they got on "compromise" ballots as "rejects", then they are considered "eager to compromise"</li><li style="margin-bottom:0.1em">The winner is the non-eliminated candidate with the highest score. Voters give 1 point to each candidate whom they prefer; and, if all the candidates they gave points to are "eager to compromise", they also give 1 point to each candidate whom they accept.</li></ol><div><font color="#252525" face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px"><br></span></font></div></div></div>However, I think that FBPPAR is just a theoretical curiosity. The "compromise" option adds significant extra complexity, and would almost never be used. I think that simple PAR is close enough to FBC compliance to be an acceptable proposal.<div><br></div><div>Other than FBC, PAR has some pretty excellent properties. It elects the CW in most realistic chicken dilemma scenarios, giving a strong Nash equilibrium with naive/honest/strategyless ballots, as shown in the Tennessee example. It elects the "correct" winner in a chicken dilemma scenario, naive/honest/strategyless ballots, without a "slippery slope" (though of course, this is no longer a strong Nash equilibrium). </div><div><br>PAR voting passes the majority criterion, the mutual majority criterion, Local independence of irrelevant alternatives (under the assumption of fixed "honest" ratings for each voter for each candidate), Independence of clone alternatives, Monotonicity, polytime, and resolvability.<br><br>There are a few criteria for which it does not pass as such, but where it passes related but weaker criteria. These include:</div><div><p style="margin:0.5em 0px;line-height:inherit"><br></p><ul><li>It fails Independence of irrelevant alternatives, but passes Local independence of irrelevant alternatives.</li><li>It fails the Condorcet criterion, but for any set of voters such that an honest majority Condorcet winner exists, there always exists a strong equilibrium set of strictly semi-honest ballots that elects that CW. (Note that though this is in some sense a "weaker" criterion, it is actually not met by most strictly-ranked Condorcet systems!)</li><li>It fails the participation criterion but passes the semi-honest participation criterion.</li><li>It fails O(N) summability, but can get that summability with two-pass tallying (first determine who's eliminated, then retally).</li><li>It may pass the majority Condorcet loser criterion (?). If not, it certainly passes some weakened version.</li><li>It fails the later-no-help criterion, but passes if there is at least one candidate above the elimination thresholds (which is always true, for instance, if there are some three candidates who get 3 different ratings on every ballot).<br></li></ul><br>It fails the consistency criterion, reversibility, the majority loser criterion, the Strategy-free criterion, and later-no-harm.<br><p></p><p style="margin:0.5em 0px;line-height:inherit">All-in-all, I think it's a great method: reasonably simple and intuitive, passes FBC on a restricted but essentially-realistic domain, handles center-squeeze and CD with naive ballots, and cloneproof.</p></div></div>
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