<div dir="ltr">First off: thank you, Jeff, for a thought-provoking piece. I'm going to disagree with you on some points, but it's clear that you're arguing in good faith.<div><br></div><div>Second: I'm sorry, but I really can't bear the name "RCV" in a voting methods discussion. I know that's what IRV is frequently called in actual laws, but to me "ranked choice voting" is obviously the correct term for the whole class of voting methods which includes Condorcet, Borda, and IRV; not just for IRV alone.</div><div><br></div><div>So, on to the body of your argument: that (according to you) the cognitive burden of IRV is lower than approval, Condorcet, or plurality.</div><div><br></div><div>I agree with you on one point: thinking in terms of cognitive burden is an important, and productive, way to consider voting systems. I also acknowledge that approval's apparent simplicity is less of an advantage than one might think, once you consider the cognitive burden.</div><div><br></div><div>However, I strongly disagree with you that IRV has a low cognitive burden in practice, for two reasons.</div><div><br></div><div>The first, and most important, is that IRV does not actually remove the need for strategic thinking. Yes, it obeys LNH, so once you've decided to rank your favorite in first place, you have no reason not to include your second choice on the ballot too. But there's an important, and predictable, class of election scenarios where it's strategically crucial NOT to rank your favorite first: center squeeze scenarios. If you have two candidates at ideological opposite points, with a third candidate in the middle near the median voter, it is actually quite common for the center to have the lowest first-choice support and get prematurely eliminated. This kind of thing happened in Burlington 2009; in multiple recent French elections; tragically, in Egypt 2011; and would have happened in the US 2000 if Nader had gotten over 25%. In this case, the correct strategy for one group of voters is to rank their true first choice in second place. Understanding this, and correctly seeing when it applies, is a HUGE cognitive burden for IRV voters.</div><div><br></div><div>Second, IRV requires strict ranking. That's a nontrivial cognitive burden when there are more than a handful of candidates. If there were 15 candidates in a race, how should a voter decide exactly which of them to give 8th preference? It's much easier to use absolute grades, as in Majority Judgment. (Behavioural research bears this out; strict ranking is harder than rating, for anything more than 3 or 4 options.)</div><div><br></div><div>On the other hand: is the strategic burden for approval voters actually that high? I think not. Consider the rule used by Ka-Ping Yee in his <a href="http://zesty.ca/voting/sim/" target="_blank">voting system visualizations</a>: a randomly-assigned strict threshold. This requires no strategic doublethink, yet leads to near-ideal outcomes under his assumptions. My point is that under approval sophisticated strategy is not nearly as important as under IRV.</div><div><br></div><div>But still, I think you have a point. Approval does have a cognitive burden, and we should account for that. That's precisely why I've been working on MAS (majority acceptable score) as an option: it's a simple 3-level voting system with an absolute minimum of cognitive burden. I believe that under MAS, in basically all everyday voting scenarios, a naive sincere ballot will be strategically optimal, or close enough to it that most voters wouldn't care.</div><div><br></div><div>Jameson</div><div><br></div><div>ps. You mention Condorcet, and argue that the strategic cognitive burden is higher than IRV. I disagree; but since Condorcet comes with a higher cognitive burden in just figuring out why a given candidate won, I agree that Condorcet methods are probably not best for large-scale elections.</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2016-10-11 8:54 GMT-04:00 Jeff O'Neill <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:jeff.oneill@opavote.com" target="_blank">jeff.oneill@opavote.com</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-size:12.8px"><div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000">I recently wrote a blog post explaining why I prefer ranked-choice voting (i.e., IRV or alternative vote) to approval voting. It is a quite different kind of argument than most of the posts here because it is a policy argument rather than a mathematical one. Nevertheless, I thought people here might find it interesting. I'd love to hear your comments and any counterarguments as well.</font></div><div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000" style="font-size:12.8px">I've copied the post below and you can also find it</font><span style="font-size:12.8px;color:rgb(0,0,0)"> here: </span><br></div><div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000"> <a href="http://blog.opavote.com/2016/10/why-i-prefer-ranked-choice-voting-to.html" target="_blank">http://blog.opavote.com/2016<wbr>/10/why-i-prefer-ranked-choice<wbr>-voting-to.html</a></font></div><div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-size:12.8px"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:large;font-family:"titillium web",sans-serif">Why I prefer ranked-choice voting to approval voting</span><br></div><div style="font-size:12.8px"><div class="m_-1358631327615102144gmail-m_-6388130383122563990gmail-m_-4121972656781124150gmail-post-header" style="box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1.6;margin:0px 0px 1.5em;font-family:"titillium web",sans-serif"><div class="m_-1358631327615102144gmail-m_-6388130383122563990gmail-m_-4121972656781124150gmail-post-header-line-1" style="box-sizing:border-box"></div></div><div class="m_-1358631327615102144gmail-m_-6388130383122563990gmail-m_-4121972656781124150gmail-post-body m_-1358631327615102144gmail-m_-6388130383122563990gmail-m_-4121972656781124150entry-content" id="m_-1358631327615102144gmail-m_-6388130383122563990gmail-m_-4121972656781124150gmail-post-body-3239849160564532733" style="box-sizing:border-box;width:720px;font-family:"titillium web",sans-serif"><div class="m_-1358631327615102144gmail-m_-6388130383122563990gmail-m_-4121972656781124150gmail-separator" style="box-sizing:border-box;clear:both;text-align:center"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zufbCki-BVo/V_o1-OKl27I/AAAAAAAAASM/vrix1OAitpsQ4MhGoPunWk38sNcWu-qPwCLcB/s1600/rcv%2Bballot.png" style="box-sizing:border-box;background-color:transparent;text-decoration:none;clear:right;float:right;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em" target="_blank"><font color="#000000"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zufbCki-BVo/V_o1-OKl27I/AAAAAAAAASM/vrix1OAitpsQ4MhGoPunWk38sNcWu-qPwCLcB/s1600/rcv%2Bballot.png" class="m_-1358631327615102144gmail-m_-6388130383122563990gmail-CToWUd m_-1358631327615102144gmail-CToWUd" style="box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid rgb(238,238,238);vertical-align:middle;padding:5px;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial"></font></a></div><font color="#000000">Voting is not an easy task for a voter. I don't mean taking time off work, getting to the polls, and waiting in line, etc. I mean, when you are standing there in the ballot box, you have to decide what vote you want to cast given the options presented to you. For example, a Jill Stein supporter may be torn between supporting her favorite candidate and voting for a candidate who has a better chance of winning the election. I'll refer to this as the <i style="box-sizing:border-box">cognitive burden</i> of expressing your vote.<br style="box-sizing:border-box"><br style="box-sizing:border-box">In this post, I'll address the cognitive burden of three different types of voting:<br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font><ol style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:10px"><li style="margin:0px 0px 0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px"><font color="#000000">Plurality voting (i.e., selecting one candidate)</font></li><li style="margin:0px 0px 0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px"><font color="#000000">Approval Voting</font></li><li style="margin:0px 0px 0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px"><font color="#000000">Ranked-choice voting</font></li></ol><font color="#000000"><a href="http://www.opavote.com/" style="box-sizing:border-box;background-color:transparent;text-decoration:none" target="_blank">OpaVote</a> supports all three of these voting methods if you want to try them out yourself.<br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font><h2 style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:20px 0px 10px;font-family:inherit;line-height:1.1"><font size="2" color="#000000">Plurality Voting</font></h2><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Plurality voting is very simple, a voter simply picks one candidate. There is, however, a cognitive burden when there are more than two candidates. A voter presumably wants her vote to matter. Accordingly, a voter should not necessarily select her favorite candidate, but instead select her favorite candidate who has a reasonable chance of being elected.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Consider the current U.S. Presidential election. I'm a big supporter of the Green Party, but Jill Stein is not going to win the election. I'd like to vote for the Green Party, but instead I'll vote for Hillary because that is the best way for my vote to make a difference. Others will vote for the Green Party out of principle.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Where there are more viable candidates, the cognitive burden is much higher. The French 2012 elections for President had <span style="box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:700">ten candidates</span> in the first round. A voter thus needed to consider which candidates had a chance of winning, and then select her favorite among those who had a chance of winning.</font></div><h2 style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:20px 0px 10px;font-family:inherit;line-height:1.1"><font size="2" color="#000000">Approval Voting</font></h2><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">With approval voting, a voter has the option to approve as many candidates as they like. The candidate with the most approvals is the winner. For someone whose first choice is Jill, the voter may, for example, approve of Jill and Hillary and not approve Donald and Gary.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Approval voting, like plurality voting, is very simple in practice. A voter just selects one or more candidates. But Approval voting suffers from similar cognitive burdens as plurality voting. How do you draw the line between candidates you approve and candidates you don't approve? </font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Consider a voter whose true preferences are: </font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><ol style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:10px"><li style="margin:0px 0px 0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px"><font color="#000000">Jill Stein</font></li><li style="margin:0px 0px 0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px"><font color="#000000">Hillary Clinton</font></li><li style="margin:0px 0px 0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px"><font color="#000000">Gary Johnson</font></li><li style="margin:0px 0px 0.25em;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0px"><font color="#000000">Donald Trump</font></li></ol><font color="#000000">Clearly, this voter will approve Jill and will not approve Donald, but what should she do with the other two candidates? Should she also approve Hillary? Giving Hillary an approval may help Hillary beat Jill, but she would certainly prefer Hillary to Gary or Donald. Similarly, this voter may not like Gary, but she may dislike Donald so much that it is worthwhile to approve Gary to minimize the chance that Donald is elected.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Phew... that is a lot of thinking to do. It would be even harder if Jill and Gary had better chances of being elected.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">In sum, approving any candidates other than your favorite can hurt your favorite. Not approving candidates can help your least favorite get elected. Approval voting thus creates a significant cognitive burden for voters.</font></div></div><h2 style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:20px 0px 10px;font-family:inherit;line-height:1.1"><font size="2" color="#000000">Ranked-Choice Voting</font></h2><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">With ranked-choice voting, a voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, similar to the picture above. In my view, this has the least cognitive burden among the three methods discussed here. It is easy for a voter to pick her favorite candidate, pick her second favorite, and so on. This kind of ballot has low cognitive burden because a voter doesn't have to consider which candidates are viable.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">But, you may ask, "Doesn't a voter have to think about whether their second and later preferences might hurt their first preference? For example, should a Jill Stein supporter not rank Hillary second because it might help Hillary beat Jill?"</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">The great think about ranked-choice voting is that the answer to this question is a clear and resounding<span style="box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:700">NO!!!</span> Your second and later choices cannot harm your first choice! Your second preference is only ever considered at all if your first preference has definitively lost. Voting geeks cause this the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" style="box-sizing:border-box;background-color:transparent;text-decoration:none" target="_blank">later-no-harm criterion</a>.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Voters thus need to be educated that later choices do not hurt earlier choices so that voters are encouraged to rank as many candidates as possible. The more candidates a voter ranks, the greater influence the voter has in the outcome of the election.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Accordingly, ranked-choice voting has the lowest cognitive burden. A voter simply needs to select their first choice, second choice, and so forth. The voter does not need to consider which candidates are viable.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">(For voting geeks who are leaping out of their seats to make points about other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Voting_system_criteria" style="box-sizing:border-box;background-color:transparent;text-decoration:none" target="_blank">voting systems criteria</a>, please keep reading.) </font></div><h2 style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:20px 0px 10px;font-family:inherit;line-height:1.1"><font size="2" color="#000000">Other Stuff...</font></h2><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">In my view, it is extremely important to make it as easy as possible for voters to vote, and, for the reasons described above, ranked-choice voting does this better than both plurality and approval voting.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">I want to briefly address another form of ranked voting called Condorcet voting. Condorcet voting also uses a ranked ballot, but the votes are counted in a different way. Condorcet voting doesn't satisfy the later-no-harm criterion mentioned above, so it is <span style="box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:700">possible</span> that your second and later choices could hurt your first choices. The possibility, however, that your second and later choices hurt your first choice is <span style="box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:700">so small</span> that, for <span style="box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:700">practical purposes</span>, a voter to cannot take this into account, and thus Condorcet voting has the same cognitive burden as ranked-choice voting. While Condorcet voting is a great voting method, I still prefer ranked-choice voting for public elections, and I'll address that in a future blog post.</font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Another point to mention is that detractors of ranked-choice voting complain that ranked-choice voting does not satisfy other voting systems criteria, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" style="box-sizing:border-box;background-color:transparent;text-decoration:none" target="_blank">monotonicity criterion</a>. While this is certainly true, for practical purposes, a voter cannot take the monotonicity criterion into account when casting a vote. It is just far too complicated and you would need to know how everyone else is going to vote. The non-monotonicity of ranked-choice voting thus doesn't create a cognitive burden.<br style="box-sizing:border-box"><br style="box-sizing:border-box"></font></div><div style="box-sizing:border-box"><font color="#000000">Please let me know what you think, especially if you disagree. I am happy to post any well-reasoned dissent as comments or even give you the opportunity to write your own blog post in rebuttal.</font></div></div></div></div><div class="m_-1358631327615102144gmail-yj6qo m_-1358631327615102144gmail-ajU" style="margin:2px 0px 0px;font-size:12.8px"></div></div><div><div class="m_-1358631327615102144gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br></div></div></div></div></div>
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