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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Second
order proportional representation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">First
order proportional representation refers to the election of
the legislature by
PR. Second-order PR refers to the composition of the
executive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Transferable
voting can prefer candidates from more than one party, to
decide the
democratically prefered majority coalition. This single
majority government,
representing over half the voters in the executive, is the
rational
representation, that is denied by first past the post or
simple plurality
elections.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">But
that is still not second-order proportional representation.
That requires at
least a double majority government, which would represent two
thirds of the
voters in the executive. A triple majority government would
represent three
quarters of the voters in the executive. And so on. That is
second-order
proportional representation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Note
that it requires a considerable first-order proportional
representation to
ensure even a single majority government. We saw this in </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold"">Ireland</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span
style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT
Bold";">, when the then
largest party, Fianna Fail whittled down the constituencies to
3 or 4 members,
so that they could win a majority of seats on only 45% of the
votes.<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<big><big>My 3 free ebooks (Peace-making Power-sharing;
Scientific Method Of Elections; Science is Ethics as
Electics) are now also available in pdf here:</big></big></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><big><big><span
style="font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold""><a
href="https://plus.google.com/106191200795605365085"
target="_blank">https://plus.google.com/106191200795605365085</a><o:p></o:p></span></big></big></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><big><big><span style="font-family:
"Arial Rounded MT Bold";">Also there are links
to my UNESCO essay, in French, on scientific voting
procedure. And my memoire to the Canadian parliament
Special Committee on electoral reform (which is
alternatively in English as a brief).<br>
</span></big></big></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><big><big>From<br>
Richard Lung.<br>
<big><big><span style="font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""><o:p></o:p></span></big></big></big></big></p>
<br>
<span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT
Bold""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</o:smarttagtype>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Richard Lung.
E-books (mostly available free or reader-sets-price)
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.voting.ukscientists.com/colverse.html">http://www.voting.ukscientists.com/colverse.html</a>
Includes the series of books on:
Democracy Science (starting with electoral reform and research);
Commentaries (literature and liberty; science and democracy);
Collected verse (in five books).</pre>
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