<div dir="ltr"><div><div><div><div><div><div>I have tweaked things slightly in order to
make things slightly simpler and to make sure that when Range style
ballots are used the method reduces to standard Range in the one winner
case.<br><br></div>The general method takes any proportional lottery
based on score/range (including approval) style ballots and converts it
into a PR election method.<br><br></div>Recall that a lottery method is a
system of assigning probabilities to candidates. A lottery method is
"proportional" if it assigns probabilities in proportion to the
respective faction sizes when all faction members vote with
single-minded and exclusive loyalty in favor of their favorite.<br><br></div>Let's
suppose that we are in the context of an election where w>0
candidates are to be elected, and that there is at least one subset of
candidates W of size w, such that when our lottery method is applied to
W, all members of W are assigned positive probabilities. <br><br></div>If there is only one such subset, then that is the subset selected by our method.<br><br></div>Otherwise, for each subset W of candidates of the requisite size w, we do the following steps:<br></div><br>(1)
Partition the ballots into sets S and S' that do and don't,
respectively, give at least one candidate of W a positive rating.<br><br><div>(2)
Let p be the probability that a randomly drawn ballot would be a member
of the set S. Let q = 1 - p. [Note this is a change; the definitions
of p and q have been switched, for esthetic reasons.]<br><br></div><div>(3)
Let p1, p2, ... be the respective probabilities assigned to the members
of W by our lottery method, when that method is restricted to the
ballot set S.<br><br></div><div>(4) Let a1, a2, ... be the respective
averages of the candidate ballot scores over the respective ballots that
rate the respective candidates positively. [In case of approval, all of
these averages will be ones]<br><br></div><div>Having completed these four steps for each candidate set W of size w, elect the set W that maximizes the value of the expression<br><br></div><div>min(a1*p1, a2*p2, ...)*(p),<br><br></div><div>Now I will show you the reason for the tweaks: suppose that w=1. Then
the value of p1 is 1, and the value of a1 is the average rating of W's
only candidate over the ballots in the set S, The average rating of W's (only)
member (over the ballots of S') is zero, so the average score over the union of S and S'
is the weighted average a1*p1*p + 0*q, which simplifies to a1*p1*p .
Therefore in the case w=1, the standard range winner wins!<br><br></div><div>We
have mentioned several of the various random ballot lotteries. More
variations are possible. Ordinal ballots can be used via the "Implicit
approval cutoff," or with the help of an explicit one. If the lottery
is random ballot, the only step needing an approval measure is step (4)
above. There are other possible ways to adapt to ordinal ballots
(ranked preference ballots).<br><br></div><div>There are other
proportional lotteries besides the random ballot ones. One is the so
called Ultimate Lottery, a restricted version of which is called the
Nash Lottery. The Nash Lottery Method picks the lottery that maximizes
the product of the ballot expectations based on the lottery. It turns
out that the crucial factor that makes this lottery proportional is the
"homogeneity" of the ballot expectations in the probabilities. So if we
widen the admissible ballots to include any homogeneous functions of
the probabilities (along with the natural requirement that such
functions not be decreasing in any of their arguments), then we get the
Ultimate Lottery Method.<br><br></div><div>Jobst Heitzig has come up
with many lotteries, with special attention to those with low entropy,
which makes those lotteries useful in single winner elections. Why
would we want to use a lottery in single winner elections? It turns out
that the element of chance, when skillfully incorporated, can (more or
less) remove incentives for insincere voting. The best known example of
this is the "benchmark" standard random ballot lottery. In that method
there is no incentive for insincere voting, but the resulting lotteries
tend to be high entropy lotteries, hence not good for single winner
elections.<br><br></div><div>One of Jobst's best methods has two stages. <br><br>The
first stage generates a set of approval ballots from "thresh-hold"
information supplied by the voters on their ballots. I won't go into
the details of this stage, but the voters give tentative approvals that
allow the method to automatically build approval ballots that would
back-fire on defectors.<br><br></div><div>The second stage calculates
the total approvals for the respective candidates and assigns each
ballot B to the candidate with the greatest total approval of any
candidate approved on ballot B. The lottery probabilities are
proportional to the number of ballots assigned to the respective candidates.<br><br></div><div>For multi-winner purposes we can replace the first stage with direct
use of approval ballots or by conversion of range ballots into approval
ballots via Toby's idea or by other ideas, including the "sincere
approval strategy" technique, for example.<br><br></div><div>Where else can we find suitable proportional lotteries?<br><br></div><div>Andy
Jennings found that he could take any sequential PR method and convert
it into a proportional lottery by cloning all of the candidates as many
times as needed, and allowing a huge number of winners. Then the
candidate lottery probabilities are proportional to the number of clones
they have in the winning circle.<br><br></div><div>In fact, Andy's first application of that technique (to Warren Smith's RRV, a version of sequential PAV adapted to range ballots) turned out to be another way of generating the Nash
Lottery.<br><br></div><div>More
recently, Andy and I have seen that there are many ways to convert
practlcally any single winner method into a sequential PR method.<br><br></div><div>Putting all of this together we have the following diagram:<br><br></div><div>single winner -> sequential PR -> Lottery -> multi-winner PR<br><br></div><div>So
in a standard way we can convert any single winner method into a
multi-winner PR method that retains some of the flavor of the single
winner method. Why not just stop at the sequential PR stage? That's
always a possibility, but sequential methods tend to generate an
hierarchy among the winners in order of election. It is sometimes
better philosophically to have a method that compares (many if not all)
possible winning sets (including the winning sets generated by various
sequential PR methods) against each other.<br><br>In this regard, Jameson Quinn has
just invented (and posted to the EM list) a method that compares candidate subsets on
the basis of squared "envy" summed over the ballots.<br></div><div><br></div><div class="gmail_extra">Thanks for your patience!<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><br></div></div>