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</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>[EM] (5) APR: Steve's 5th
dialogue with Richard Fobes<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>>
Date: Sun, 14 Dec 2014 21:57:55 -0800<br>
> From: ElectionMethods@VoteFair.org<br>
> To: election-methods@lists.electorama.com<br>
> CC: stevebosworth@hotmail.com<br>
> Subject: Re: [EM] (4) APR: Steve's 4th dialogue with Richard Fobes<br>
> <br>
> On 11/27/2014 2:39 AM, steve bosworth wrote:<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Please
feel free to ask Steve to sent you a copy of his draft article explaining APR
(stevebosworth@hotmail.com)<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Hi
Richard,<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Thank you
for being willing to spend the time to start the writing of a more simple presentation
of APR.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would also be grateful if you and
others could offer any more criticisms and suggestions in regard to the
additions I have made below in an attempt to complete your summary with equal
simplicity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Y</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>our original suggestions are
printed using Courier New Font, </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>while my additions use Calibri Font:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Positive
Voting Guaranteed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>If you
would like to be sure that your own vote will continue to have equal weight in
the legislative assembly through the rep you trust most, use Associational
Proportional Representation (APR).<br>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br>
Step 1: </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>APR’s</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> Primary election </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>allows you to choose which voluntary
organization you want to help you make your vote count more efficiently during
the later general election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You choose
from the list of applicant organizations who wish to send their own reps to the
legislative assembly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These would
probably </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">include all the political parties, many of the existing
electoral districts, and many interest groups (e.g. business, labor,
professional, social, environmental, recreational, ethnic, or religious).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></font></span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>You may rank as many, or as few, of these
organizations as you wish. Rank first the one you believe is likely to offer
the most attractive candidates for you to rank during the later election.<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>The Primary counts all these citizen preferences to
discover the group of organizations who are sufficiently popular both to
contain all citizens as their voting members and to elect all the reps during
the general election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each organization
in this group becomes an official electoral “associations”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also as a result, you (and each other citizen)
become a voting member of one of these associations for the general election. <o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>If a citizen’s first choice organization proved not
to be sufficiently popular, his application to be a member will be shifted to
his next choice organization until one is found to be sufficiently popular to
become an association.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>If a </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>citizen</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> prefers</span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'> not to participate in the Primary or</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> not to rank any association beyond their favorite,
that too is acceptable. </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>If none of the organizations a citizen has
ranked proves sufficiently popular, they will automatically remain a registered
voter in the district in which they reside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br>
Step 2: </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>Counting the primary election ballots also
determines </span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>how many
legislative seats will be awarded to each association.</span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'> If, for example, the legislative assembly is to have 500 members, an
association will be awarded one seat if it has attracted at least one 500<sup>th</sup>
of all the registered voters as its official electors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will be awarded two seats if it as
attracted two 500<sup>th</sup>, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(See Endnote 5 and Flow Chart 2 in the article).<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Step 3: </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>In the general </span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>election,
</span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>you (and each citizen) is asked </span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>to vote </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>by ranking</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> as many,
or as few, candidates as they prefer. The ballot paper </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>is designed to allow </span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>each voter </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>easily</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> to rank any candidates in any associations in the country.<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Step 4: </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>Counting these ballots determines</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'> which candidates win the seats that were awarded to </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";'>each</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>
association. </span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>For
example, the candidate who received the most votes in an association allowed to
elect 1 rep would be elected, the two candidates receiving the most votes in an
association allowed to elect 2 reps would be elected, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Step
5:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each elected rep would retain all the
votes they had received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, each will
have a “weighted vote” in the assembly exactly equal to the number of votes
received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this way, each citizen’s
vote continues to count during the assembly’s deliberations (see the Sample
Ballot, Endnotes 3 & 4, and Flow Chart 1 in the article).<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br>
END OF SUMMARY <o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br>
R: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Notice that, unlike your
descriptions, this sample summary does not contain any claims, opinions,
judgments, or even intended goals. You already know how to write that kind of
promotional material.<br>
> <br>
> After it becomes clearer how your method works, then we can further
discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your method.<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>S: Yes
please.<br>
</span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><br>
</span><span style='font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>R:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In case I forget, your method involves an
additional complication that I have not yet mentioned. The fact that seats
would be awarded to many associations means that a ruling/majority coalition
would need to be formed, and the process of forming a coalition always involves
back-room compromises that undermine the most important political priorities of
many voters. The long-term solution to this issue is to improve the voting
methods that are used within the legislature/parliament, and then your
associations would not need to form a ruling coalition.<br>
> <br>
> Richard Fobes<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;">
</span><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>S:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I look forward to our future dialogues both
with regard to the formation of a “majority coalition” and the above summary.<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>S:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My reply with regard to your above remarks
about the formation of a “majority coalition” will be contained in the 6<sup>th</sup>
edition of our dialogue which I will sent next.<o:p></o:p></span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><BR><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;'>Steve </span></p><font face="Times New Roman">
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