<div dir="ltr"><div><div>Kristofer,<br><br></div>here's an example that gives an answer to your question about distance and Condorcet when the issue space is not one dimensional:<br><br>Suppose that the population of a town is concentrated near the vertices of an equilateral <span class="">triangle</span>
with no single vertex having a majority of the citizens in its
vicinity, and that there are four proposed cites for a community center
X, Y, Z, and C, where C is the center of the inscribed circle, i.e. the
intersection of the three angle bisectors, and X, Y, and Z are
locations such that the respective sides of the <span class="">triangle</span> form perpendicular bisectors of the segments CX, CY, and CZ. <br>
<br>Assuming that the voters like to be close to the community center, the point C is the Condorcet preference.<br><br>But
if we move X, Y, and Z to points X', Y', and Z' just a few yards closer
to C along the segments XC, YC, ands ZC, respectively, C suddenly
becomes the Condorcet Loser., even though it still has a significantly
smaller average distance to the three vertices of the <span class="">triangle</span> than any of X', Y', or Z'.<br>
<br>In this example we can use the distances from the voters to
the candidate positions as the potential costs to the voters, and the
opposites of these costs as the utilities.<br><br>Note that the example still works if the triangle is not equilateral. But in the case of an equilateral triangle<span class=""></span>, when a majoritarian tie between X', Y', and Z'
is broken at random, the expected cost to a voter is about 33 percent
greater than if point C is chosen.<br>
<br>Btw, for the benefit of those who think that single winner methods can always be replaced by multi-winner PR methods (and I know you're lurking out there!) any good single winner lottery method would select C with certainty! Any multi-winner PR method for choosing representatives to figure out a solution would just be a way of procrastinating the journey towards a failed solution.<br><br>Forest<br></div><div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sat, Nov 1, 2014 at 1:16 AM, Kristofer Munsterhjelm <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:km_elmet@t-online.de" target="_blank">km_elmet@t-online.de</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><span class="">On 10/31/2014 11:32 PM, Forest Simmons wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
Kristofer wrote ...<br>
<br>
(huge skip)<br>
<br>
This raises the question of where the optimal winners for weighted PR<br>
should be placed. In particular, in an 1D spatial model (left-right<br>
axis), it seems fair that the respective winners get a weight equal to<br>
the proportion of voters that are closer to them than to anybody else.<br>
But now we're much more free to place the winners anywhere on the axis<br>
because the relative weight will sort itself out by the definition above<br>
(unlike ordinary unweighted multiwinner elections).<br>
<br>
The reasoning that we prefer moderates (but not too moderate ones) to<br>
extremists to minimize tension could be codified like this: minimize the<br>
sum of distances from voters to their representative.<br>
<br>
<br>
It seems to me that methods like APR that rely exclusively on ordinal<br>
information (rankings) cannot detect "distances." For that we need some<br>
measure of intensity of preference like that provided by Approval and<br>
other Score based methods.<br>
</blockquote>
<br></span>
I'm not sure, actually. Consider Condorcet on a 1D spatial model. By Black's single-peakedness theorem, the candidate closest to the median is the CW, and the median is the single point that minimizes the sum of distances to every other point along the line. Yet Condorcet has no idea of distance beyond what the ranked votes tell it.<br>
<br>
It might be the case that this can't be generalized to multiwinner methods. But it does at least show that it's not obviously impossible.<span class=""><br>
</span><br></blockquote></div><br></div></div></div>