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<p class="MsoNormal">I have written before about how to convert sincere ratings
into sincere approval ballots.<span style> </span>This time
I want to step back and explain a way to compute sincere ratings: when the
meanings of the sincere ratings are more evident, then the sincere approvals
take on additional meaning, too.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Suppose that by examining the voting record of candidate X
you see that on a random issue of interest to you there is a probability p that
she would vote the same way you would vote if you had the opportunity to vote
in the representative body, i.e. there is a probability p that she would
correctly represent your wishes if she were your representative.<span style> <br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style><br> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I will now explain why I consider this probability p to be a
natural choice for your sincere rating of candidate X.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In fact, if every voter V rated candidate X according to the
voter’s<span style> </span>subjective (if not calculated)
probability of X correctly representing V on a random issue of interest, then the
sum of these ratings would be the expected number of voters that would be
correctly represented by X on a random issue of interest.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So with this definition of sincere ratings, the candidate
with the highest sum of ratings is by definition the candidate expected to
correctly represent the greatest number of voters on a random issue of
interest:<span style> </span>i.e. the Range Winner
maximizes the expected number of correctly represented voters (as long as
ratings are sincere).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One of the most interesting things about this point of view
is that from it follows a simple definition of sincere approval voting.<span style> </span>We will get to that definition in two
conceptual steps:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(1) An approval voter trying to stochastically mimic her sincere
rating p of candidate X could spin a spinner with fraction p of the circle
shaded green.<span style> </span>If the spinner arrow lands
in the green, then the voter approves X.<span style>
</span>If all approval voters were to use this strategy, then the expected sum
of approvals for candidate X would be the same as the expected sum of ratings:
i.e. Approval Voting would be statistically equivalent to Range Voting were all
voters to use this spinner strategy.<span style>
</span>Both estimate the number of correctly represented voters.<span style> </span>The main difference is that compared to the
Range Voting estimate, the Approval estimate would have a larger variance
(although both variances would be inversely proportional to the number of
voters).<span style> </span>To significantly reduce this
variance in the case of Approval Voting is the purpose of the second conceptual
step.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(2) <span style> </span>The expected
number of candidates approved by voter V using the spinner method is the sum of
voter V’s ratings of the candidates.<span style> </span>So
instead of using a spinner for each candidate, voter V should simply approve
her top k candidates and use a q-shaded spinner to decide whether or not to
approve the candidate she ranks (k+1) from the top, where k is the integer part
of the sum of V’s candidate ratings and q is the fractional part of that sum. This
procedure defines what I call “Sincere Approval.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One slight change is to allow an affine transformation of
the probabilities to adjust the extremes to zero and one, even if the voter V
sincerely neither completely disagrees nor completely agrees with any
candidate.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another tweak is to allow the voter V to use strategy
instead of a spinner for deciding whether or not to approve the candidate Y that
she ranks (k+1).<span style> </span>One such strategy is to
approve Y only if voter V’s ballot is more likely to be pivotal between Y and
some candidate that V considers inferior to Y than some candidate that V likes
better than Y.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I will finish by observing that it is well known that a
strategically sophisticated Range Voter can achieve optimal results while using
only the extreme ratings: i.e. Range and Approval are strategically
equivalent.<span style> </span>What I have shown above is
that Range and Approval are also statistically equivalent in the case of sincere
voting.<span style> </span>These two facts taken together
suggest that Approval, with its simpler ballots, is an adequate substitute for
Range.<span style> </span>However, we must remember that it
is very likely that psychological considerations outweigh both strategical and
statistical considerations.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal">Forest<br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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