<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><br>Hi Juho--</div><div class="gmail_extra"> </div><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Jan 9, 2014 at 2:21 PM, Juho Laatu <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:juho4880@yahoo.co.uk" target="_blank">juho4880@yahoo.co.uk</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote"><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div>Few requests to make the definition precise.</div>
<div><br></div><div>1) You should define what "falsifying a preference" means.</div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Good point. I was going for brevity. A voter falsifies a preference if s/he votes X over Y and doesn't prefer X to Y,.</div>
<div> </div><div>You're right: That should be included in my definition of sincere voting.</div><div> </div><div>I left it out for brevity. After all, if you tell someone that you reside at a certain adress, but it isn't true, then we'd all agree that you're falsifying your address. But are you falsifying your address if you live at a certain addres, but don't mention your address in a conversation? To be a falsification, a statement must be an untrue positive statement.</div>
<div> </div><div>That's why, for brevity, I didn't include a definition of falsifying a preference. But now I will add that definition, to my definition of sincere voting, in my CD definition.</div><div> </div><div>
Thanks for mentioning that.</div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div> I have seen different uses on that term on the EM list. If the voter feels "A>B" but votes "A=B" or if the voter feels "A=B" but votes "A>B" a falsification</div>
</div></blockquote><div> </div><div> </div><div>Obviously the latter isn't a falsificaton. But I wouldn't call the former a falsification. Still, when you put it that way, as a positive statement that you don't have a preference among A and B, then of course it could be argued that you're falsifyig, because you're making a false statement that you don't have a preference. Good point--It's better that I include, in my sincere voting definition, a definition of falsifying a preference.</div>
<div> </div><div>But I'll just add that when you feel A>B, and vote A=B, you aren't really falsifying a preference. You're only falsifying a lack of preference, and that is an entirey different thing. So, though I agree that I should include a definition of falsifying preference, I don't agree that it's really needed. I'll include it because I want my definition to be as clear as possible.</div>
<div> </div><div>You could still argue that you're falsifying _about_ a matter of preference. But that's fudging the meaning of "a preference", and, strictly speaking, I don't believe that that argument holds up. The right interpretation is the literal interpretation.</div>
<div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote"><div style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div>, or are all differences in preferences and voted rankings falsifications? </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Yes and no. Voting A=B, when you feel A>B can be said to be a falsification, but, strictly speaking it is not a falsification of a preferences. It's a falsification of a non-preference. It's a fasification regarding the matter of a preference. But it isn't a falsification of a preference.</div>
<div> </div><div>But i agree that I should include, for clarity, a definition of falsifying a preference.</div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div>I note that you excluded the case where the elecion does not allow the voter to express all hies/her preferences. Here I thus mean the case where the voter can express all his/her preferences.</div>
<div> </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Yes. In Approval, say you prefer X to Y, and you prefer Z to X. </div><div> </div><div>You approve X, and you don't vote for Y, because you want to vote your preference for X over Y. </div>
<div> </div><div>But, so doing, it isn't possible for you to vote your preference for Z over X.</div><div> </div><div>Therefore, by my definition of sincere voting, you aren't failing to vote sincerely, when you fail to vote your Z>X preference.</div>
<div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote"><div style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div> </div><div><br></div><div>2) What does "B voters refuse to vote A over anyone" mean? </div><div> </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>I posted to EM, two complete, precise, ballotinig-indpendent and count-independent definitions of voting X over Y.</div>
<div> </div><div>It was a few years ago. I'm guessing that it was around the beginning of 2011. </div><div> </div><div>But, just saying imprecisely what occurs to me now, without looking up my posted definitions, I'd say that it voting X over Y means what one would intuitively expect it to mean. If X and Y were the only candidates in the election, your ballot would be more likely to make X win than to make Y win. i.e., the number of examples in which it would make X win is greater than the number of examples in which it would make Y win.</div>
<div> </div><div>I don't know if that likelihood clause is needed, because I don't know if nonmotonic methods, in practice, can exhibit nonmonotonicity with only 2 candidates.</div><div> </div><div>Maybe the definition should say "...;using a method that is being used somewhere for governmental elections.", in order to rule out unproposable methods that would let Y beat X, when no actually-used method would.</div>
<div> </div><div>Another variation: You're voting X over Y if you vote in way that would make X win if X and Y were the only canddates and you were the only voter. Maybe it, too, should have the "with a method actually in governmental use somewhere" clause.</div>
<div> </div><div>I like that one. If these two definitions are different from the ones that I posted before, then I'll add these two to those two.</div><div> </div><div>That's the best I can do for right now. Maybe that's one of my posted definitions of voting X over Y. Maybe not. </div>
<div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote"><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div>Does that mean not ranking A at all</div>
</div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Yes. That would satisfy all of my definitions of not voting A over anyone.</div><div> </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div> (=not mentioning A in the ballot) if that possibility exists, and otherwise ranking A last (on the ballot)? </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Yes, that, too, would satisfy my definitons of not voting A over anyone.</div>
<div> </div><div>But I emphasize that all of my definitions of voting X over Y are completely independent of balloting. None of them speak of rankings or cardinal ratings, etc.</div><div> </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div>Is it ok to rank A tied last (on the ballot) when it would be possible to rank also A last alone (on the ballot)?</div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Yes. If you rank A and C both in last place, then you aren't voting A over C, by any of my definitions.</div>
<div> </div><div>...and that agrees with everyone's intuition too. </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div> Is it ok to rank A last (on the ballot) even if one could leave A unranked (=not mentioned in the ballot)?</div><div> </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Certainly, by any of my definitions of voting X over Y, and by anyone's intuitive judgement.</div>
<div> </div><div>You know that if you leave A out of your ranking, or if you rank A alone in last place (without leaving anyone unranked), or if you rank A and C alone n last place (without leaving anyone unranked, then, in all 3 instances, you aren't votiing A over anyone,. All of my definitions of voting X over Y agree with you about that.</div>
<div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote"><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div> </div>
<div><br></div><div>3) What does "C voters are indifferent between A and B, and vote neither over the other" mean? </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div> </div><div>It means that the C voters don't have a preference between A and B. It means that the C voters don't prefer A to B, and that the C voters don't prefer B to A.</div>
<div> </div><div>And it means that the C voters don't vote A over B, or vote B over A.</div><div> </div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote">
<div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div>Does that allow e.g. votes 100: C>A>B, 100: C>B>A?</div><div> </div></div></blockquote><div> </div><div>Ok, good point. In your example, they could be said to be _collectively_ not voting either A or B over the other, even though individually they all are.</div>
<div> </div><div>But the answer to your question is: Certainly not, because all of my definitions of voting X over Y refer only to an individual voter's vote, not to a collective pairwise decision or defeat. My definitions of voting X over Y are entirely explicit about that.</div>
<div> </div><div>Nevertheless, for clarity, I should specify "No C voter votes A over B, or B over A". </div><div> </div><div>So, thanks for pointing out those two ways in which my definition of CD could be made clearer.</div>
<div> </div><div>Michael Ossipoff</div><div> </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" class="gmail_quote"><div style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div> </div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><div><br></div><div>Juho</div><div><br></div><br></font></span><div><div><div class="h5"><div>On 9.1.2014, at 18.39, Michael Ossipoff <<a href="mailto:email9648742@gmail.com" target="_blank">email9648742@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
<br></div></div><blockquote type="cite"><div><div class="h5"><div dir="ltr"><div>Kevin and Markus--</div><div> </div><div>Kevin--</div><div> </div><div>The definition below is what I now mean by CD.</div><div> </div><div>
Markus--</div><div> </div><div>You asked me to precisely define the chicken dilemma, and to demonstrate that Benham and Woodall don't have the chicken dilemma. </div>
<div> </div><div>I've defined a criterion that I call the Chicken Dilemma Criterion. It's intended as a precisely-defined criterion. I'll state it below in this post. But, if it isn't precise, then you should feel free to say so.</div>
<div> </div><div>In a subsequent post, I'll tell why Benham and Woodall pass CD.</div><div> </div><div><b>Supporting definitions:</b></div><div><p>1. The A voters are the voters who prefer candidate A to everyone else. The B voters are the voters who prefer candidate B to everyone else. The C voters are the voters who prefer C to everyone else.</p>
<p>2. A particular voter votes sincerely if s/he doesn't falsify a preference, or fail to vote a felt preference that the balloting system in use would have allowed hir to vote in addition to the preferences that s/he actually votes.</p>
<p><b>Premise:</b></p><p>1. There are 3 candidates: A, B, and C.</p><p>2. The A voters and the B voters, combined, add up to more than half of the voters in the election.</p><p>3. The A voters and the B voters all prefer both A and B to C.</p>
<p>4. The A voters are more numerous than are the B voters.</p><p>5. Voting is sincere, except that the B voters refuse to vote A over anyone.</p><p>6. Candidate A would be the unique winner under sincere voting (...in other words, if the B voters voted sincerely, as do all the other voters).</p>
<p>7. The C voters are indifferent between A and B, and vote neither over the other.</p><p><b>Requirement:</b></p><p>B doesn't win.</p><p>[end of CD definition]</p><p><br></p><hr><p>In the chicken dilemma scenario described in the premise of the Chicken Dilemma Criterion (CD) defined above, if B won, then the B voters would have successfully taken advantage of the A voters' co-operativeness. The A voters wanted to vote both A and B over the candidates disliked by both the A voters and B voters. Thereby they helped {A,B} against worse candidates. But, with methods that fail CD, the message is "You help, you lose".</p>
<hr><p><b>Some methods that pass the Chicken Dilemma Criterion:</b></p><p>ICT, <a title="Symmetrical ICT" href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/Symmetrical_ICT" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc">Symmetrical ICT</font></a>, <a title="MMPO" href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/MMPO" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc">MMPO</font></a>, MDDTR, <a title="IRV" href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/IRV" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc">IRV</font></a>, <a title="Benham's method (page does not exist)" href="http://wiki.electorama.com/w/index.php?title=Benham%27s_method&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc">Benham's method</font></a>, <a title="Woodall's method" href="http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/Woodall%27s_method" target="_blank"><font color="#0066cc">Woodall's method</font></a></p>
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