<div>Of course there are all sorts of standards and criteria by which voting systems can be compared and regarded. But I'm not the only person whose interest in voting systems is about strategy. </div><div> </div><div>
I suggest that there are two classes of methods that represent two extremes of voting system strategy advantages. ...and that that voting-systems distinction and division is significant.</div><div> </div><div>I refer to these two classes of voting systems:</div>
<div> </div><div>1) Approval and a few strategically-similar methods (Score, ICT, and Symmetrical ICT, and maybe others).</div><div>.</div><div>2) IRV and its Condorcet hybrids</div><div> </div><div>Those two classes of methods represent two extremes of voting system strategy advantages. </div>
<div> </div><div>The 1st class, I've named "Approval etc.", or Approval&c, further abbreviated to A&c.</div><div> </div><div>The 2nd class, I'll call "IRV etc.", or IRV&c, further abbreviated to I&c.</div>
<div> </div><div>(I'm using the name "IRV" instead of AV or Preferential Voting, because IRV is now best known by that name, and is offered</div><div> by that name in the platforms of at least 5 U.S. political parties.)</div>
<div> </div><div>Approval&c:</div><div>---------------</div><div> </div><div>Other than its compliance with all of the monotonicity and consistency criteria, Approval's main criterion advantages are its compliance with the Favorite-Betrayal Criterion (FBC) and Later-No-Help (LNHe). </div>
<div> </div><div>Symmetrical ICT meets FBC, and an insignificantly weaker version of LNHe, which I call 0-info LNHe. I've defined it here, and at electowiki.</div><div> </div><div>But maybe I should repeat it here:</div>
<div> </div><div>0-info LNHe (ZLNHe):</div><div> </div><div>In a 0-info election, voting for one or more candidates in set S shouldn't decrease the probability that the winner will be from S.</div><div> </div><div>To vote for a candidate is to vote that candidate over at least one other candidate.</div>
<div> </div><div>(In earlier postings, I've given two general, universally-applicable, definitions of voting X over Y)</div><div> </div><div>[end of ZLNHe definition]</div><div> </div><div>Like LNHe, ZLNHe relieves voters of the need to vote for unacceptable candidates, greatly easing the task of voting when there are many candidates.</div>
<div> </div><div>Symmetrical ICT additionally brings compliance with CD. Symmetrical ICT automatically avoids the chicken dilemma. I suggest that Symmetrical ICT (SITC) could be regarded as Approval with CD.</div><div> </div>
<div>Approval, Score, ICT and Symmetrical ICT, I refer collectively to as Approval etc., Approval&c, or A&c.</div><div> </div><div>Symmetrical ICT meets the Condorcet Critrerion when CC is defined in a general way (arguably the more legitimate way).</div>
<div> </div><div>But all A&c tend to elect CWs.</div><div> </div><div>Though Approval and Score don't meet CD, they have a good way (strategic fractional ratings) of dealing with chicken dilemma. For that and other reasons (described in previous postings here) the chicken dilemma won't be a problem with Approval and Score (or, of course with CD-complyng ICT and Symmetrical ICT).</div>
<div> </div><div>Approval and Score, and, to a large extent, all A&c, have great stability. I've often referred to Approval as a solid and reliable handtool, as opposed to idiosyncratic labor-saving contraptions.</div>
<div> </div><div>A&c are the methods of choice where FBC is needed, as it is under current conditions.</div><div> </div><div>Approval's opponents want to fully vote X over Y, and Y over Z. They'd like to be allowed that, but the catch is that most methods that allow that give strategic incentive or need to do so insincerely, which really defeats the whole purpose of it.</div>
<div> </div><div>Approval lets you reliably and fully vote a preferred set over an unpreferred set. The importance and power of that shouldn't be underestimated. You can easily, simply, fully vote all the acceptable candidates over all the unacceptable candidates, and that will be reliably and simply counted. And that's what matters in a u/a election. With various kinds of experimental test-voting, and with probabilistic strategic fractional rating, it's possible to begin choosing among one's preferred set too.</div>
<div> </div><div>Strategy in Approval:</div><div> </div><div> If it's a u/a election, then it's especially simple; Just approve the candidates who are acceptable.</div><div> </div><div>Say it's non-u/a:</div><div>
</div><div>Some people express a need to vote in a way that is optimal, in terms of the actual (unknowable) configuration of other people's votes. But is that necessary? Maybe it's enough to vote in a way that's optimal in terms of your perception of the situation. You can do that by approving the candidates you like, the ones you trust. If it's a u/a election, then it's especially simple; Just approve the candidates who are acceptable. But here I'm talking about non-u/a.</div>
<div> </div><div>If you want to make it unnecessarily more difficult, you could, before approving a candidate, ask yourself such questions as "Does s/he feel more like a protection, or a menace, if I approve hir?", or " Are the better candidates really so good that you don't want that compromise? Are the worse candidates really so bad that you want that compromise?" "Which feels greater, the threat of someone worse winning, or the promise of someone better winning?". Or "How far does it feel like i need to compromise--who's likely the best I can get?" ...etc.</div>
<div> </div><div>Then, too, you're voting in a way that's optimal in terms of your feelings, your perception of the situation. That might not sound as good as voting in a way that's optimal in terms of the actual unknowable configuration of other people's votes, but why not? After all, the other voters don't know more than you do, so you're not at a disadvantage. And if everyone approves those whom they like, then we get the candidate liked by most. </div>
<div> </div><div>Optimality in terms of your likes, feelings or perceptions, as opposed to the actual unknowable configuration of other people's votes, is a completely different way of regarding the election, and how to vote. But it's just as valid, and works just as well, for the individual voters and for society. </div>
<div> </div><div>In summary, Approval is a lot better than people think it is.</div><div> </div><div>But many want the "rank-balloting ideal"--They want to fully protect their preferred set (as they so easily can in Approval), while still having an easy, strategy-free choice _among_ their preferred set. They want entirely strategy-free voting. I don't think that's necessary. Approval, or other A&c, would be fine, under any conditions.</div>
<div> </div><div>But the rank-balloting ideal is achievable, for some voters--the ones in a mutual majority (MM). (Of course Gibbard & Satterthwaite pointed out that it can't be reliably available to everyone).</div>
<div> </div><div>IRV&c:</div><div>----------</div><div> </div><div>The popularity of the rank-balloting ideal can be judged by the great popularity of IRV. As mentioned above, at least 5 U.S. political parties offer IRV in their platforms. IRV is the only alternative voting system offered in a party platform.</div>
<div> </div><div>As noted above, the rank-balloting ideal is achievable, at least for MM-members--and that's good enough.</div><div> </div><div>That's the other, opposite, strategy-advantage extreme for voting systems.</div>
<div> </div><div>Of course every advantage comes at a price--some disadvantage, or the loss of some other advantage</div><div> </div><div>In the case of IRV, its strategy-freeness for MM-voters comes at the cost of favorite-burial need for non-MM voters, mostly caused by lower Condorcet efficiency, and the prohibition against equal ranking. That isn't undemocratic or unfair, because there's nothing wrong with government by a cohesive majority.That's ok.</div>
<div> </div><div>The failure to elect a CW can, itself, count as a disadvantage, when it displeases CW-preferrers, causing them to side with the non-MM voters in a vote to replace IRV with something more Condorcet efficient. The disadvantages named in this and the previous paragraph could result in a majority voting to replace IRV with a more Condorcet efficient method. That's ok too.</div>
<div> </div><div>It isn't that IRV isn't a good method (for the Green scenario). It's just that it could be vulnerable to replacement with something that better elects CWs.</div><div> </div><div>But, other than that, not electing the CW isn't as bad as some seem to think it is. If the MM vote sincerely, then IRV chooses from the MM preferred set. How important is it which member of that set is chosen? To give an example, I just want to elect a progressive. I don't care which one. I'd be glad to approve them all in Approval. Well, if I'd help them all in Approval, because I just want one f them to win, then why should I start caring a lot which one wins when the method is IRV? It's enough that IRV would choose from the MM preferred set.</div>
<div> </div><div>...But, as I said, that might not be ok with the CW preferrers, when the CW isn't chosen. Because that would displease them, and the non-MM voters, then IRV might get replaced. Those 5 political parties want IRV in spite of that, and there's nothing wrong with their finding out from experience that they'd prefer something more Condorcet-efficient. That's ok.</div>
<div> </div><div>Some people get all hysterical about failure to choose the CW, but if it bothers a majority, they'll change the method. Don't worry. It's going to be alright.</div><div> </div><div>When IRV doesn't choose the CW, it's often because someone else in the MM-preferred set is more popular than the CW. What's wrong with that?</div>
<div> </div><div>For Green scenario conditions, IRV is a lot better than some people think it is.</div><div> </div><div>Nevertheless, that CW-elimination disadvantage, with the resulting replacement-vulnerability for IRV can be avoided.</div>
<div> </div><div>I've spoken of the Condorcet-IRV hybrids, of which James Green-Armytage described four, in his article at <a href="http://econ.ucsb.edu/~armytage/hybrids.pdf">http://econ.ucsb.edu/~armytage/hybrids.pdf</a></div>
<div> </div><div>A simpler one is Unbeaten//IRV:</div><div> </div><div>If there's a candidate with no pairwise defeats, then elect hir. If there isn't one, then do IRV among all of the candidates.</div><div> </div>
<div>(Of course, if there are more than one unbeaten candidate, then you could do IRV just among those)</div><div> </div><div>It might be tempting to say to do IRV among the Smith set. That's Smith//IRV, one of James' hybrids. But James points out that Smith//IRV fails Mono-Add-Plump and Mono-Append.</div>
<div> </div><div>All four of James' hybrids meet the Smith Criterion.</div><div> </div><div>Another way of avoiding or mitigating IRV's disadvantage would be what could be called Approval IRV, or AIRV:</div><div> </div>
<div>Equal ranking allowed. If you rank several 1st choices, they all get an initial whole vote from you.</div><div> </div><div>When all of your candidates at rank N are eliminated, then all of your candidates at rank N + 1 each get a whole vote from you.</div>
<div> </div><div>In my brief IRV definition, that amounts to saying that a candidate tops a ranking if s/he is one of the candidates at that ranking's highest rank position that has uneliminated candidates.</div><div>
</div><div>Though AIRV isn't as good as the Condorcet-IRV hybrids, I'll include AIRV in IRV&c (I&c), as one of the ways to avoid IRV's disadvantages.</div><div> </div><div>Another hybrid:</div><div> </div>
<div>Dennis Hill said to, at each stage of IRV, exempt the current CW from elimination. </div><div> </div><div>Benham said to elect that CW when one appears.</div><div> </div><div>I don't know which hybrid, of those mentioned by James, and any others, is better, but, collectively, they're my favorite methods for the Green scenario.</div>
<div> </div><div>That's mostly because 1) Rank balloting and the rank-balloting ideal are of great interest to progressives; and 2) Experience with polling suggests that people do better with Score than with Approval, and that they do better with rankings than with Score; 3) Of course we'd all like the luxury of the rank-balloting ideal.</div>
<div> </div><div>Personally, as an individual voter, I'd have no objection, even in the Green scenario, to Approval, Score, ICT or Symmetrical ICT, because choosing among the progressive candidates wouldn't be so important to me.</div>
<div> </div><div>------------------------------------------------------</div><div> </div><div>Anyway my point in this post is that A&c and I&c are the opposite extremes of an important strategy-advantage distinction. ...and that that distinction is significant for classifying voting systems, because of the universal agreement about the desirability of the rank-balloting ideal.</div>
<div> </div><div>Though I refer to them as extremes, I'm not saying that there are methods between them. Those "extremes" consist of the strategically desirable voting systems.</div><div> </div><div>Of course there are methods that don't qualify for either classification, and I don't say that those are "between" A&c and I&c.</div>
<div> </div><div>-------------------------------------------------------</div><div> </div><div>IRV brings MM voters strategy-freeness at a cost, as described above. The cost is worth it, but it can be avoided, as described above, by the hybrids or AIRV.</div>
<div> </div><div>IRV doesn't really have a strategy-requirement, for MM voters to be able to make IRV work. Sure, a mutual majority would have to be voted as such--but why wouldn't it be?</div><div> </div><div>The methods that avoid IRV's cost the (hybrids) likewise bring their own cost. Some degree of ethics or consideration of consequences is needed. As is so often the case, with power comes a requirement for responsibility, if you are to benefit from it. I think that the voters will qualify for successful use of the hybrids.</div>
<div> </div><div>AIRV mitigates IRV;s disadvantage by allowing Approval-like voting.</div><div> </div><div>Under Green scenario conditions, there's a case for IRV, the hybrids, or AIRV.</div><div> </div><div>In fact, of course, even under Green scenario conditions, there's a case for A&c too.</div>
<div> </div><div>Michael Ossipoff</div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div>
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