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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Try ICT with Approval-Fill-In on the Approval bad-example. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>With just ICT, the defection fails, because ICT, when choosing from the set of unbeaten candidates, disregards the A voters’ support for candidates other than their first choice.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>But adding Approval-Fill-In loses that gain, by giving that support back. B wins, rewarding the B voters’ defection.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I withdraw my statements that Approval-Fill-In improving every method. It spoil’s ICT’s advantage.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>As for Voter’s Choice (the one that uses Approvals), it probably shares the same problem. If you’ve designated ICT, then you’ll give an approval to ICT’s winner, and to everyone whom you’ve ranked over hir—including B, if you’re an A voter. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>So that settles the question of Voter’s Choice vs Voter’s Choice 2. Voter’s Choice 2 is the only one of those two that allows ICT to work as <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Intended.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Henceforth, when I say “Voter’s Choice”, I mean the version that, earlier today, I called “Voter’s Choice 2”. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>For clarity, then, let me define it again. This is what I mean by Voter’s Choice:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Voter’s Choice:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>In addition to voting in whatever balloting is used in the election, each voter may also designate a method. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>For example, if the balloting is a rank-balloting, then the voter may designate a rank-count.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>If method M chooses candidate C, then C receives a point for every voter who has designated M.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>In other words, each method is weighted according to the number of people who have designated it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>If a voter doesn’t designate a candidate, then hir top-rated or top-ranked candidate(s) receive(s) a point.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The winner is the candidate who has received the most points.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>A set of candidates are rated or ranked top on a ballot if it votes them over everyone else.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Some months ago, I posted 2 useful definitions of voting X over Y. Either will do.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>[end of Voter’s Choice definition]<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>As I said earlier, Voter’s Choice is useful whenever there isn’t agreement about what voting system to use.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>If the time comes when, after Approval has been in use for some time, people are interested in enacting something<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>better, then they could: <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>use the already-enacted Approval to choose the next method (with Approval as a candidate too). Or…<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>choose the new method by Voter’s Choice, using Approval and all of the proposed new methods. Or…<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><![endif]>use, as the new method, Voter’s Choice with Approval and all of the proposed new methods<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>(In alternative #3, of course, experience in a few elections could narrow down set of methods being<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>used with Voter’s Choice).<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>But, as I’ve said, the easiest route to new methods, when Approval has been in use, would be to propose the<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>methods that can be offered as approval-management options in an Approval election. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Alternatives #1, #2, and #3, above would more likely be useful at a _<i>later</i>_ time, when people are more ready<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>for completely new voting systems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Mike Ossipoff<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>