<div>Adrian:</div><div> </div><div>This is (what I consider) an improvement on my article. I've replaced some awkward wordings, and added things that I'd left out, and left out a few things too.</div><div> </div><div>
But you should feel free to edit in any way necessary, &/or use an earlier version. </div><div> </div><div>For instance, if I've now made it too long, then I have no objection if you take out whatever necessary, to shorten it--or use a previous shorter version.<font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">If it's of use to tell this, I wrote it in Word, then copied it, and pasted it in this e-mail.</font></font></div>
<div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Calibri">Also, of course, use any title you prefer.</font></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri"></font></font> </div>
<div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">My article:</font></font></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri"></font></font> </div>
<div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Some problems and undesirable social results of our current voting
system, Plurality Voting.</font></font></div><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Suggesting a minimal but powerful <span style> </span>improvement called “Approval<span style> </span>Voting”.</font></font></p>
<div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Our current voting system, of course, is the “vote-for-1”
method. <span style> </span>Also called "Plurality",
or the "single mark method".</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">In our Plurality elections, we often hear people saying that
they're going to vote for someone they don't really like, because he/she is the
"lesser-of-2-evils". Note that they're voting for someone they don't
like, and not voting for the people they really do like, because the people
they like are perceived as unwinnable. </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3"><span style> </span>What do we get when
we vote for people we don't really like? We get something that we don't like.
Everyone complains about how all the viable politicians are corrupt and bought.
Does it really make sense to believe corrupt and un-liked candidates to be more
"viable"? How viable would they be if everyone could feel free to
support candidates whom they actually like?</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">We'd be voting from hope, instead of just from fear and
dismal, pessimistic resignation. And the results would reflect that. Voting,
and its results, would become something positive.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">So how does this strange situation come about? What causes
it? When you compromise in Plurality, for a "lesser-evil", you're
saying, with your vote-support, that s/he is better than your favorite. </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Plurality can be regarded as a point-rating system, but a
funny one in which you're only allowed to give a point to one candidate. You're
required to give 0 points to everyone else. Top rating to one, and bottom to
everyone else. Those bottom-ratings that you must give to all but one are
materially real, in the sense that you're giving to those candidates zero
points instead of 1, the lower of the two ratings levels--and thereby voting
for them to lose.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Note that it is _not_ that Plurality only lets you rate one
candidate. You're rating them all. But you're required to rate all but one of
them _at bottom_, voted to lose. That's why I referred to Plurality as a _funny_
point-rating system. </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Someone at the forum said that Plurality doesn't count enough
information. But that isn't true. Plurality counts plenty of information, but it's
mostly false information--all those compulsory zero ratings. <span style> </span>When you say something because you have to,
even if you don't feel it, that's falsity. It's no exaggeration to say that
Plurality forces falsification.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3"><span style> </span>It should hardly be
surprising that this results in a lot of dissatisfaction with the results of
that falsification.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Calibri"> </font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Some defend Plurality
by saying that, with it, we vote for our favorite. But millions of voters—when they
need to "hold their nose" when insincerely helping someone they don't
like, over someone they do like--might not agree.</font></font></div><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">If Plurality is supposed to have us voting for our
favorites, then it is failing miserably. If Plurality assumes that we're voting for our favorites, then Plurality is assuming wrong.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">How to avoid this problem? Why not repeal the rule that
makes Plurality so funny?<span style> </span>Let people
rate _every_ candidate with a <span style> </span>1 or a 0.
Rate every candidate as "Approved" or "Unapproved". The
candidate with the most "Approved" ratings wins. The result? Well,
we'd be electing the most approved candidate, wouldn't we.<span style> </span>Who can criticize that?</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">When everyone can support the candidate(s) they really like,
instead of just a "lesser-evil", that can only mean that we elect
someone more liked.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3"><span style> </span>That voting system,
the minimal improvement on Plurality to fix its ridiculous problem, is called
"Approval voting", or just "Approval".</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3"><span style> </span>Occasionally we hear
a claim that Approval violates “1-person-1-vote”.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">But Approval is a points rating system. Every voter has the
equal power to rate each candidate as approved or unapproved.<span style> </span>1 point or 0 points.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">If you approve more candidates, does that give you more
power? Hardly. Say you approve all of the candidates. You thereby have zero
influence on the election.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">And obviously, any ballot will be cancelled out by an
oppositely-voted ballot.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Suppose you approve all of the candidates but one. I approve
the candidate you didn’t approve, and not ones that you approved . My
oppositely-voted ballot cancels yours out. You voted for nearly all of the
candidates. I voted for only one. But I cancelled you out.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Some Approval advantages:</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Approval<span style> </span>is one of
the few voting systems in which you never have any reason to not top-rate your favorite(s).<span style> </span>For the first time, everyone would be able to
fully support their favorites.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">As said above, when people can fully support the candidates
whom they really like, we elect someone better-liked--someone to whom the most
people have given approval. That makes an Approval election into something
positive and hopeful. </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">In a presidential straw-poll, using Condorcet, I’ve
personally observed someone ranking compromises over their favorite.<span style> </span>In Plurality and Condorcet, that can be the
only way to maximally help the compromises against someone worse.<span style> </span>But never in Approval.</font></font><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri"></font></font> </div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">That observed favorite-burial in Condorcet suggests to me
that many would feel a need to bury their favorites in Condorcet, as they do in
Plurality.</font></font></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri"></font></font> </div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Never underestimate voters' need to help a compromise all that they can, even when that's at the expense of their favorite.</font></font></div>
<div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">I should add that, in Approval, not only does the voter
never have any reason to not top-rate their favorite(s), but it is
transparently obvious that that is so. If you have given 1 point to Compromise,
and 0 points to Worse, then it’s obvious that also giving a point to Favorite
won’t change the fact that you’ve fully helped Compromise against Worse.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Another thing, which really counts as a separate
advantage:<span style> </span>In Plurality, whether people
compromise (as they seem so prone to do), or whether, instead, they all vote
for someone they like--either way, their votes will be split between their
various compromises or favorites. Suppose the progressives add up to at least a
majority. That won’t do them any good in Plurality unless they can somehow
guess or organize exactly which candidate they’ll combine their votes on That’s
especially a reason why voters now let the media lead them by the nose. </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">That wouldn’t be a problem in Approval, where each person is
approving a _set_ of candidates, maybe various favorites and various
compromises. It would no longer be necessary to guess where everyone else will
combine their votes. In Plurality, that need, especially, makes voters let the
media lead them by the nose.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Approval , as I said, is the minimal change that gets rid of
Plurality’s ridiculous problem. <span style> </span>There
won’t be any question about whether that’s an improvement.<span style> </span>When Plurality’s falsification problem is
discussed,<span style> </span>Plurality’s inexplicable
problem-causing rule, <span style> </span>then anyone trying
to claim that that problem should be kept will be arguing an indefensible position,
and will be seen by all for what he is. <span style> </span>I’m not saying that desperate arguments for keeping
Plurality’s problem won’t be made. I’m saying that they won’t work.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">In contrast, when anything more complicated than Approval is
proposed , opponents, media pundits and commentators, magazine writers, politicians,
and some hired academic authorities will point out that it could have
unforeseen and undesired consequences. They’ll take advantage of the fact that
the public can’t predict all of the method’s consequences.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">They’ll point out that the method could cause disaster,
because we don’t know what it would do. Sure, we voting system reform advocates
all agree that Condorcet is better than Plurality. But the public won’t know
that.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Authorities and pundits will say “It needs a lot more study”,
and...</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">...it will never happen.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">That objection won’t work against Approval,<span style> </span>because Approval is so elegantly simple and
transparent, </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Approval has a unique optimization. All of the Approval
strategies (which I’ll get to in a minute) amount to approving all of the
candidates who are better than what you expect from the election. That means
that the winner will be the candidate who is better-than-expectation for the
most voters. That’s the candidate whose win will pleasantly surprise the most
voters.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Anyway, it’s obvious that electing the candidate to whom the
most people have given approval is, itself, a valuable optimization.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Approval strategy:</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Experience with the several interesting and instructive
presidential mock-elections that we've conducted at the election-methods
mailing list suggests to me that, in an Approval election, people will typically
just know whom <span style> </span>they want to approve.
People will have an unmistakable intuitive feel for whom they want to approve.
</font></font></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">For instance, you likely will approve all the candidates whom you like, or who deserve your support. You'll know who they are.</font></font></div>
<div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Calibri">The suggestions below are just for when you don't have a feel for whom to approve:</font></div><div style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal">
<font size="3"><font face="Calibri">First, you can just approve the candidate you’d vote if it
were a Plurality election, and also for everyone whom you like better than
him/her (including your favorite).<span style> </span></font></font></div><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">That would be good enough.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">But Approval has strategy instructions that aren’t available
for Plurality, because, for Plurality, they’d be too complicated to fully
describe, and much more difficult to implement. So don’t let these suggestions
make you think that Approval is more complicated. Approval’s strategy is
incomparably simpler than that of Plurality.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">If there are unacceptable candidates who could win, then
approve all of the acceptables, and none of the unacceptables.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">If there are no unacceptable candidates who could win, and
if you have no predictive information or feel about winnability, then Approve
all of the above-mean (above average) candidates.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">If neither of the above 2 paragraphs applies, then Approve
all of the candidates who are better than what you expect from the election. </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">One way to judge that directly would be to ask yourself:
“Would I rather appoint him/her to office than hold the election?”<span style> </span>If so, then approve him/her.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">But, because we don’t have the power to appoint
officeholders, we might not have a good feel for that judgment.<span style> </span>A better question would be:</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Is s/he better than what I expect? Do I expect less? If so,
then approve him/her. </font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">In other words, vote optimistically.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">In fact, even if s/he is right _at_ the merit-level that you
expect from the election, then approve him/her if you like him/her.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Why does that maximize your expectation? Because, when (by
approving him/her) you improve the win-probability of someone who is better
than your expectation, that will raise your statistical expectation.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">_All_ of the Approval strategy suggestions are special cases
of the rule just given.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">For example, maybe you have a feel for who the top-two vote-getters
will be. Then, of course, approve the better of those two, and everyone who is better
still.<span style> </span>But I hasten to emphasize that
the candidates who you might expect to be frontrunners in Plurality are very
unlikely to be the frontrunners in Approval. <span style> </span>Never let anyone tell you who the frontrunners
will be.</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font face="Calibri">Mike Ossipoff</font></font></p><div><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div>