<div> </div><div>Adrian and EM:</div><div> </div><div>Below is my article with the paragraph added, at the beginning of the </div><div>"Approval strategy" section.</div><div> </div><div>Additionally, I've neatened up and improved some of the wording.</div>
<div> </div><div>Our current voting system, of course, is the vote-for-1 method. Also called<br>"Plurality", or the "single mark method".<br><br> In our Plurality elections, we often hear people saying that they're going<br>
to vote for someone they don't really like, because he/she is the<br>"lesser-of-2-evils". Note that they're voting for someone they don't like,<br>and not voting for the people they really do like, because the people they like are<br>
perceived as unwinnable. What do we get when we vote for people we don't<br>really like? We get something that we don't like. Everyone complains about<br>how all the viable politicians are corrupt and bought. Does it really make<br>
sense to believe corrupt and un-liked candidates to be more "viable"? How viable</div><div>would they be if everyone could feel free to support candidates whom they actually like?</div><div> </div><div>We'd be voting from hope, instead of just from fear and dismal, pessimistic resignation.</div>
<div>And the results would reflect that. Voting, and is results, would become something </div><div>positive.</div><div><br>So how does this strange situation come about? What causes it? When you<br>compromise in Plurality, for a "lesser-evil", you're saying, with your<br>
vote-support, that s/he is better than your favorite. Plurality can be<br>regarded as a point-rating system, but a funny one in which you're only<br>allowed to give a point to one candidate. You're required to give 0 points<br>
to everyone else. Top rating to one, bottom to everyone else. Those zeros<br>that you give to all but one are materially real, in the sense that you're<br>thereby voting for those candidates to lose.<br><br> Note that it isn't that Plurality only lets you rate one candidate. You're<br>
rating them all. But you're required to rate all but one of them at_<br>bottom_, voted to lose. That's why I referred to Plurality as a _funny_<br>point-rating system. Someone at the forum said that Plurality doesn't count<br>
enough information. But that isn't true. Plurality counts plenty of<br>information, but it's mostly false information. All those compulsory zero<br>ratings. When you say something because you have to, even if you don't feel<br>
it, that's falsity. It's no exaggeration to say that Plurality forces<br>falsification.<br><br> It should hardly be surprising that this results in a lot of<br>dissatisfaction with "the politicians", the “lesser-evils” whom we're<br>
choosing with our compulsorily falsified ballots. Forced falsification has<br>no place in a democracy's voting.<br><br> We're told that in Plurality we vote for our favorite. But the millions<br>who have to "hold their nose" when they insincerely help someone they don't<br>
like, over someone they do like, might not agree.<br><br>How to avoid this problem? Why not repeal the rule that makes Plurality so<br>funny? Let people rate _every_ candidate with a 1 or a 0. Rate every<br>candidate as "Approved" or "Unapproved". The candidate with the most<br>
"Approved" ratings wins. The result? Well, we'd be electing the most<br>approved candidate, wouldn't we. Who can criticize that?<br><br> When everyone can support the candidate(s) they really like, instead of<br>
just a "lesser-evil", that can only mean that we elect someone more liked.<br><br> That voting system, the minimal improvement on Plurality to fix its<br>ridiculous problem, is called "Approval voting", or just "Approval".<br>
<br> Occasionally we hear a claim that Approval violates “1-person-1-vote”<br>(1p1v).<br><br>But Approval is a points rating system. Every voter has the equal power to<br>rate each candidate as approved or unapproved.<br>
<br> If you approve more candidates, does that give you more power? Hardly. Say<br>you approve all of the candidates. You thereby have zero influence on the<br>election. Say there are 20 candidates. You approve 19 of them. I disagree<br>
with you, and, in fact I believe oppositely to you. I like the one you<br>didn't approve, and not the ones you did approve. So I mark oppositely to<br>you, approving the one candidate you didn't approve. My ballot exactly and<br>
completely cancels yours out.<br><br>Obviously any ballot can be cancelled out by an oppositely-marked ballot.<br>The ballot approving all but one candidate is can be cancelled out by a<br>ballot marking only the one that the first ballot didn’t mark.<br>
<br> Together, those two ballots give approvals to all of the candidates. You<br>approved 19 candidates, and I've approved only 1, but I've cancelled you<br>out. People who approve more candidates don't have more voting power than<br>
people who vote for fewer candidates.<br><br>Approval is one of the few voting systems that meets the<br>Favorite-Betrayal-Criterion (FBC). In other words, Approval never gives<br>anyone incentive to vote someone over his/her favorite. With Approval, for<br>
the first time, no one would have a reason to not fully support all of the<br>candidates they like, including their favorites. Condordet doesn’t meet<br>FBC. IRV quite flagrantly fails FBC. The public are so conditioned to<br>
resignedly give it all away to a “lesser-evil”, that many will bury their favorite.</div><div>I’ve personally obsesrved this in a Condorcet straw-poll, suggesting to me that </div><div>overcompromising favorite-burial would happen in actual public political</div>
<div>Condorcet elections.</div><div> </div><div>Not only does everyone have absolutely no reason to do other than fully support</div><div>their favorite(s), but, additionally, this is transparently obvious, in the elegantly</div>
<div>simple Approval voting system.</div><div> </div><div>Approval is, as I said, the minimal change that gets rid of Plurality’s<br>ridiculous problem. When anything more complicated than Approval is<br>proposed , opponents, media pundits and commentators, magazine writers,<br>
politicians, and some academic authorities will point out that it could<br>have unforeseen and undesired consequences. They’ll take advantage of the<br>fact that the public can’t predict all of the method’s consequences.<br>
They’ll point out that the method could cause disaster, because we don’t<br>know what it would do. Now, we voting system reform advocates all agree<br>that Condorcet is better than Plurality. But the public won’t know that.<br>
Authorities and pundits will say “It needs a lot more study”, and...<br><br>...it will never happen.</div><div><br><br>Approval has a unique optimization. All of the Approval strategies (which<br>I’ll get to in a minute) amount to approving all of the candidates who are<br>
better than what you expect from the election. That means that the winner<br>will be the candidate who is better-than-expectation for the most voters.<br>That’s the candidate whose win will pleasantly surprise the most voters.<br>
<br>Anyway, it’s obvious that electing the candidate to whom the most people<br>have given approval is, itself, a valuable optimization.<br><br>Approval strategy:<br><br>Experience with the several interesting and instructive presidential</div>
<div>mock-elections that we've conducted at the election-methods mailing list</div><div>suggests to me that, in an Approval election, people will typiclly just know whom </div><div>they want to approve. People will have an unmistakable intuitive feel for </div>
<div>whom they want to approve. The suggestions below are merely for times</div><div>when they don't.</div><div> </div><div>First, you can just approve the candidate you’d vote for if it were<br>Plurality, and also for everyone whom you like better than him/her (including your favorite). </div>
<div>That would be good enough.</div><div><br>But Approval has strategy instructions that aren’t available for Plurality,<br>because they’d be too complicated to fully describe, and much more<br>difficult to implement. So don’t let these suggestions make you think that<br>
Approval is more complicated. Approval’s strategy is incomparably simpler<br>than that of Plurality.<br><br>If there are unacceptable candidates who could win, then approve all of the<br>acceptables, and none of the unacceptables.<br>
<br>If there are no unacceptable candidates who could win, and if you have no<br>predictive information or feel about winnability, then Approve all of the<br>above-mean (above average) candidates.<br><br>If neither of the above 2 paragraphs applies, then Approve all of the<br>
candidates who are better than what you expect from the election. To judge<br>that directly, ask yourself: “Would I rather appoint him/her to office than<br>hold the election?” If so, then approve him/her.<br><br>Why does that maximize your expectation? Because, when (by approving</div>
<div>him or her) you improve the win-probability of someone who is better than your<br>expectation, that will raise your expectation.<br><br>All_ of the Approval strategy suggestions are special cases of the rule<br>just given.</div>
<div><br>For example, maybe you have a feel for who the top-two votegetters will be.<br>Then, of course, approve the better of those two, and everyone who is<br>better still. But I hasten to emphasize that the candidates who you might expect<br>
to be frontrunners in Plurality are very unlikely to be the frontrunners in<br>Approval. Never let anyone tell you who the frontrunners will be.<br></div><div>Mike Ossipoff<br></div>