<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">2012/2/23 Kristofer Munsterhjelm <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:km_elmet@lavabit.com">km_elmet@lavabit.com</a>></span><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div class="im">On 02/20/2012 03:13 AM, robert bristow-johnson wrote:<br>
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On 2/19/12 8:53 PM, David L Wetzell wrote:<br>
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It seems quite a few election rules get quirky in one way or the other<br>
with a 3-way competitive election.<br>
<br>
That might be a point worth considering in the abstract in a paper or<br>
something.... why are 3-way single-winner elections quirky?<br>
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isn't it obvious?<br>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<u></u>Duverger%27s_law</a><br>
<br>
to wit: Duverger suggests two reasons why single-member district<br>
plurality voting systems favor a two party system. One is the result of<br>
the "fusion" (or an alliance very like fusion) of the weak parties, and<br>
the other is the "elimination" of weak parties by the voters, by which<br>
he means that the voters gradually desert the weak parties on the<br>
grounds that they have no chance of winning.<br>
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I'd call Duverger's law more an effect rather than a cause. The question in itself is why some methods seem to have a much harder time dealing with three-way (and n > 3 way) races than 2-candidate or 2.5 candidate races.<br>
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I think the answer is simple enough:<br>
<br>
- When you have two candidates, there's one strategy-proof deterministic method, and its name is majority rule.<br>
<br>
- When you have two candidates and a bunch of tiny ones, it's usually pretty easy to know who the tiny ones are and remove them so they don't upset the outcome. (IRV does this)<br>
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- But when you have three or more candidates, Arrow's impossibility theorem says that you can't have a ranked method that's independent of irrelevant alternatives. So no such method can be perfect. The concept of removing irrelevant candidates to reduce to majority rule no longer works, because you can't say "these candidates are obviously tiny and so should never win" when they're all strong contenders.<br>
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As a consequence, among ranked methods, some really bad methods (like Plurality) gets it wrong when there are two candidates plus no-hopes; some slightly better methods (like IRV, and perhaps I'd also put DAC/DSC here since it uses the same logic) can identify and remove the no-hopes but then gives bad results when the going gets tough; while yet other methods (such as Condorcet) use more consistent logic and, though not perfect, handle three-way (and n>3 n-way) races much better.<br>
<br>
Rated method supporters, like Warren, would likely say that the rated methods are even better since they can pass IIA and so can scale to any number of candidates. They do pass IIA, but in exchange people have to be able to say how much they like a candidate rather than just better/worse-than, and it doesn't get around Gibbard-Satterthwaite.<br>
</blockquote><div><br></div><div>Note that SODA avoids most pathologies up to 4 candidates. It does not, as I've previously claimed, meet FBC even for three candidates*. But it is monotonic, consistent, participation, IIA, and cloneproof up to 4 candidates, and it handles the chicken dilemma both honestly and strategically. Of course, in order to accomplish this, you must give up some freedom; in this case, the freedom to vote anything more expressive than approval if you don't happen to agree with your favorite candidate's preferences.<br>
<br></div><div>*There is an FBC fix for SODA which works for n candidates, is n^2 summable, and does not break the other properties given here; I'll write more on that later, when I've had more time to think about it. Both the problem and the fix are more theoretically than practically interesting; I would never advise FBC strategy in SODA with anything less than perfect polling. </div>
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(Finally, just to preemptively head that off: just because no ranked method can meet IIA doesn't mean they are all equally bad. Just because there's no such thing as perpetual motion doesn't mean a modern steam turbine is just as inefficient as the aelopile. I don't think you think so, but certain others on the list might, so I'll make that clear.)</blockquote>
<div><br></div><div>Agreed. In a similar sense, just because all rated methods ask for degrees of preference and aren't 100% strategy-proof, doesn't mean that they are all equally sensitive to strategies involving preference degrees. It's clear that people on this list seem to have preferences for ranked or rated ballot formats; but regardless of those preferences, I think both sides can agree that a good method even of the "worse" ballot format is better than a bad one with the "better" format.</div>
<div><br></div><div>Jameson</div></div><br>