I'm working on a blog post which makes a pitch for voting reform. The current draft is pasted below, and also up <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sPlGQEPTsoWq-VYEW_P6YfRl4rT5W_yA2Auq4nyqCug/edit?pli=1&hl=en_US">on Google Docs</a>. It's meant to express my opinions, not always a consensus, so I've set it so that anyone can make comments (Insert -> Comment) but only I can directly edit it. It has the following sections:<div>
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</div><div><br></div><div>The Problem (what's wrong with plurality, using an extended metaphor between parties and carmakers)</div><div>The Ideal (help open people's minds about how much better things could be)</div>
<div>The Solution(s) (explain that there are many good options for reform, and give my reasons for choosing two: SODA for single-winner and PAL for multi-winner)</div><div>Detailed description (Explain the process for SODA and PAL; needs work)</div>
<div>How to get there (Activist strategy; currently just an outline, needs filling out)</div><div><br></div><div>I'd appreciate any comments people have (either favorable or unfavorable, and either here by email or directly on the google docs page).</div>
<div><br></div><div>Jameson</div><div><br></div><div>Here it is:</div><div><br></div><div><div style="text-indent:223px;font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><b id="internal-source-marker_0.5208656042814255"><h2 dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size:24px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The Problem</span></h2><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Imagine that there were a law that only two competing models of car were allowed. Probably one of the two would be smaller and cheaper to start out with. But as the two companies fought for market share, their models would grow to look more and more like each other. After all, each company could take their "base" customers for granted, and the only important fight would be over the "swing" customers who want a medium-sized car. Meanwhile, neither company would bother to spend money to develop new features like antilock brakes and GPS - or even air conditioning and windshield wipers. Why bother, when even without innovation, they were basically guaranteed half of the market? </span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The end result is obvious. Consumers would end up forced to pay too much money for a choice between two all-too-similar cars of stagnant, outdated design.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Does that result remind you of the political situation? That's no coincidence; it's because there is, in fact, a law that only two parties are allowed. No, not a statute; an empirical law, like the scientific law of gravity. "Duverger's law" states that, as long as we use the plurality voting system in which each voter can only support one candidate, two-party domination is guaranteed. It's a self-fulfilling prophecy: as long as the two parties always win, a vote for a third party is always wasted; and as long as voters don't want to waste their vote, the two parties will always win. But remember: unlike the law of gravity, "Duverger's law" has a way out: it only applies as long as we use plurality voting.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">But until we find that way out, we're stuck with two parties that often strive to minimize their differences, and entirely neglect the opinion of majorities on multiple issues, just as in the imaginary car example. Want to end the war in Afghanistan[1], reduce free trade[2], depose executives at bailed-out banks[3], or end subsidies for big farms [4]? You're out of luck; neither party will speak for you (at least, not the mainstream of either party). The two parties can use apocalyptic rhetoric to battle over whether health care is provided by slightly-more-regulated market mechanisms or slightly-more-market-driven regulations, or over whether immigration enforcement should be slightly tighter or slightly looser; but anyone who proposes a root solution to these problems --- from either side --- is not even worth taking seriously.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">And in fact, the political duopoly is in many ways even worse than the hypothetical automotive duopoly. Sure, on the bright side, individual politicians aren't mass-produced; the two political models can vary a bit for regional tastes. But consider the downsides:</span><ul>
<li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">While you can do without a car, you can't opt out of having a representative or a government.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Up to half, or with "vote splitting" even more, of voters can end up not even getting their preferred model; it's as if entire neighborhoods were forced to get whichever car was more popular locally. </span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Gerrymandering can make that problem worse; in the car metaphor, a gerrymandered system would have a shortage of one of the models and cars would choose who drove them, making it hard to get the oldest clunkers off the road. </span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Rich political donors, whose early infusions of money can influence the makeup of the two options voters are left with, can distort the very agenda to their advantage. </span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">And finally, any voters who are seduced by the siren's song of third parties tend to effectively help elect exactly the candidate they like the least.</span></li>
</ul><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">It doesn't have to be that way. Only plurality --- essentially the worst known voting system --- binds you to vote for a single candidate, forcing you to make the lose/lose choice between a meaningless vote for your favorite or a compromised one for the lesser evil. Almost any other voting system solves this basic problem (as with Approval Voting, SODA voting, Majority Judgment, Range Voting, and Condorcet systems) or at least mitigates it (as with Instant Runoff Voting).</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><h2 dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:24px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The Ideal</span></h2>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">So, what would the world look like without a political duopoly?</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">First and foremost, you could always vote for your true favorite candidate, and still have your vote count against your political opponents. There would be no need to vote the lesser evil to avoid losing the election to vote-splitting (as happened to Democrats in 2000) or eliminating moderates in the primary (as arguably happened to Republicans in several Senate races in 2010). That individual freedom has crucial implications for the broader political atmosphere. It means that there would be no more need for purists and compromisers on either side to be desperately fighting. Progressives and blue dogs, or tea partiers and republicans, would still have disagreements; but their arguments would no longer be fueled the desperate, insecure knowledge that one false step could cause the worst possible result in an otherwise-winnable election. </span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Second, it would be harder for special interests to twist the government to their ends. In plurality, where your vote is wasted unless it went to one of the two most popular candidates, candidates are forced to use advertising to essentially buy their way into one of those top slots. As a plurality voter, even if I hate all the political ads I see, I have to vote for one of the people making those ads, because I know everyone else will --- and they are doing so because they know I will. But in a better system, that viciously circular logic would be broken; I'd be free to give those ads exactly as much credit as they deserved. Furthermore, if the electorate really favored policy X, a special interest which favored Y would have to corrupt not just two politicians and/or party primaries (or, in uncompetitive partisan areas, just one); but a potentially infinite number. That is, no matter how many politician and/or party primaries they corrupted to support Y, there would always be room for another honest one who favored X - and a fair chance for that candidate to win on that basis.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Yes, it's hard to imagine a politics where cooperation had a chance against infighting, where the majority had a chance to set the agenda without being vetoed by special interests. It would truly be a case of "may the best ideas win", or at least the best wisdom that the democratic crowd can offer. Of course, I think my own ideas are wise, and I think that in a fairer democracy, my side would win more often. Since I happen to be a progressive, I think that eventually more and more people would realize how well progressive ideas work to create prosperity for all; if you're a libertarian, or a Christian conservative, or a centrist, I'm sure you feel the same way about your ideas. But it's important to realize that voting reform is not a sneaky recipe for a third-party takeover. A Ralph Nader or a Ron Paul will have a fair chance to raise their issues; but as long as most Americans agree that the Democrat and the Republican are the most-qualified candidates, then one of those two will win. In the automotive analogy, an even playing field just means that smaller makers like Mitsubishi and Mazda are allowed to exist, not that they'll sell as many cars as GM and Toyota. In any foreseeable future, the Democrats and Republicans will continue to be the biggest two parties; it's just that they'll have to work harder and be more responsive in order to maintain that position. And as a voter, that's just how I want it.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The very best voting systems can provide even more benefits. Some systems provide optimal expressivity, allowing voters to clearly express various levels of support for candidates. Some offer the possibility of choosing the truly best candidates, if voters use that expressivity honestly. Some provide assurances of fairness and robustness, that results tend not to give an unfair advantage to voters who follow the polls and use strategic calculations to determine their vote (nor an unfair disadvantage to those who don't). Some provide optimum simplicity for voters, allowing easy choices to lead to good results. Some help smooth the process of ballot counting and reduce spoiled ballots. Some provide reasonable safeguards against a surprise win by an unknown candidate who's only been superficially evaluated by the voters. And some provide a fair role for strong leaders of minority factions, allowing them to negotiate some compromises even if they don't end up winning.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><h2 dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:24px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The Solution(s)</span></h2>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">So, which voting system is best? There are a number of systems which would do the basics: end spoilers, reduce infighting, curb the power of special interests, and broaden the political agenda to include more of the issues people care about. STV-PR, Approval Voting, Condorcet systems, Majority Judgment, and Range Voting would all accomplish these important goals. Even Instant Runoff Voting (IRV), though it does not fully fix the spoiler problem which is at the heart of Plurality's pathology, would in most cases be a significant improvement (and, as the only reform which has gotten traction in the US so far, it can prove it.)</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">But in the end, we can't choose all the good systems. We need to choose one best system for single-winner races (president, governor, mayor, or senator) and one for multi-winner races (congressional representative, state representative, city council). This is a lively debate among voting theorists like myself. There seems to be no end to the mathematical criteria, monte-carlo experiments, practical considerations, and election scenarios which can be used to support or argue against one or another voting system, and there's certainly no end to the arguments about which system is best. So I'll tell you what I think, and I can assure you that I'm not the only one who feels this way; but if you're interested in finding out more and developing your own opinion on these matters, I invite you to join the election methods mailing list where these matters are discussed.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Despite the sometimes-heated arguments, there are certain matters on which voting theorists can agree. Everything I've said so far --- the glaring flaws of plurality, the serious consequences of those flaws, the shared advantages of possible reforms, and the specific advantages offered by some reforms --- is the consensus of most or all of the community of theorists. What follows, though, is not necessarily the view of more than an important minority.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Which voting system you think is best, depends on what you're looking for in a voting system. Here are the values which drive my decision. A good system should...:</span><ol>
<li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">...be simple for voters, even when that means reducing expressivity. While I personally would love to be able to grade a dozen candidates on a scale that let me finely distinguish whether my favorite candidate merited an A+ or just an A, I know that many more voters just want to pick their favorite and go home. It's more important that the system deal well with them than with me; after all, even for a high-information voter like me, there are probably more-productive ways to engage with politics than researching no-hope candidates enough to make fine distinctions between them.</span></li>
<ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">An essential component of voter simplicity is reducing the voters' need to strategize. It's little use having even the simplest possible ballot format if a voter has to pore over poll results in order to get the most out of it. Also, insofar as voting strategies involve dishonest switching of preferences, instead of just "semi-honest" exaggeration, they almost inevitably lead to worse results from the overall society's perspective.</span></li>
</ul><li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">...encourage healthy politics, by balancing diversity with incentives for cooperation. That is, the system provides a fair, proportional degree of power and voice even to minority groups, but avoids deadlock when a decisiveness is necessary.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">...be acceptable for honest incumbents. Passing voting reform is a heavy enough lift even if our only enemies are lobbyists, party bureaucrats, and the most-corrupt politicians. If the new system is such a radical upheaval that it threatens even honest incumbents, it's a dead end. </span></li>
<ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">In practice, this means that a new system should not allow an unknown (and possibly unqualified) upstart to win unexpectedly just by taking the most-centrist positions.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The system should leave some room for political parties to play a role, if voters and candidates want to organize themselves that way. That doesn't mean that the system must formally recognize political parties; just that it must be compatible with them. See value number 5, though, for a counterbalance to this point.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Also, for multi-winner systems, winners should have some connection to predefined electoral areas, so that each voter still has their own local representative.</span></li>
</ul><li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">...allow for counting procedures that provide reliable, fraud-proof results.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">...leave the decision in the hands of the voters, reducing the influence of external factors such as money and party bureaucrats.</span></li>
</ol><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">With those values, the outstanding best single-winner system is Simple Optionally-Delegated Approval, or SODA voting. For multi-winner elections, there are several possible systems which might serve, but for consistency I'd choose the multi-winner system which corresponds to SODA voting, known as Proportional, Accountable, Local (PAL) representation.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Of course, if you have different values, you might choose differently. Among single-winner systems, SODA is unrivaled on aspects 1 and 2 above, and among the best systems on aspect 3, 4, and 5. But if instead you value simplicity of describing the system, you'd choose Approval Voting; if you value optimal results, you'd choose Range Voting; if you value expressivity, you'd choose Majority Judgment; if you're willing to do without the secret ballot, you might choose Asset Voting; and there are several values and mathematical criteria which would point you towards a Condorcet system such as Schulze voting. And then there's IRV, which is the best-known reform and by far the most-successful one so far (perhaps because it is the only rival to SODA on aspect 3 above); although it fails to fully resolve the spoiler problem, and has a counting process which can be expensive and insecure. </span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><h3 dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:19px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Detailed process </span></h3>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">These procedures are outstanding for the ease of the choices they leave to the voters. Although that does not mean that they are the simplest systems to describe, every step in the process is justifiable in reference to the values above.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><h4 dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">SODA voting</span></h4>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This system consists of a three-step process for finding how many voters approve of each candidate --- either directly, or indirectly through delegation. At the end of the process, the candidate with the highest approval wins.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span></b><ol><b id="internal-source-marker_0.5208656042814255"><li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Candidates publicly declare their rankings of the other candidates. </span><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This satisfies value 5 by allowing voters to make an informed choice in step 2.</span></li>
<ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">1A) Equal rankings and truncation are allowed. The candidates' rankings are all made public. Later, in the "candidate voting" step, candidates may only approve other candidates in a way that is consistent with their rankings. This helps reduce the possibility of corrupt vote-selling or "smoke filled rooms".</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">1B) It is presumed that there is some mechanism in place so that no candidate is "caught off-guard" by another candidate's rankings. For instance, there could be an option for a candidate to change their rankings after another candidate has announced their own rankings. That is, if A and B agree to rank each other for delegation, but then after A ranks B, B reneges on the agreement by ranking A last, A could retaliate by moving B to the last ranking. The details of such a mechanism are unimportant, because its very existence would prevent it from being used; candidates, realizing that surprises don't work and only cause resentment, wouldn't attempt to use them.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">1C) Ballots are formatted in order from candidates who submit the most complete rankings of other candidates, to those who submit the least. Where this is a tie, ordering is random. This is a slight incentive for candidates to submit a complete ranking in order to appear high on the ballot.</span></li>
</ul><li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The ballot lists all the the candidates, plus a line called "Do not delegate". Voters may approve any number of candidates as they wish. Voters who approve only one candidate, and do not mark "do not delegate", have delegated their vote to that candidate. This means that they may have additional approvals (effectively) assigned to their ballot by the candidate they chose. </span><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This delegation process satisfies value 1, because a lazy voter does not need to do anything more than delegate to their favorite candidate. Unlike in plurality, such a vote is never wasted; if the favored candidate cannot win, they can still make the vote count for or against the eventual winner in step 3. This also helps satisfy value 1 by relieving the voter from the need to worry about strategy. The ability to opt not to delegate satisfies value 5.</span></li>
<ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">2A) Total approvals and delegated ballots for each candidate are tallied and announced.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">2B) After totals are announced, there's a week for candidates to analyze results, negotiate, and plan what to do in step 3.</span></li>
</ul><li style="list-style-type:decimal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">As long as no candidate has approvals from more than half the voters, the candidate with the most approvals may assign further approvals to the ballots delegated to him or her, consistent with the rankings declared in step one. Candidates with less than 5% approval have their delegated votes assigned automatically such that they approve as many as possible without approving both of the two highest-approval candidates which are distinguished in their ranking.</span></li>
<ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">A) There is a brief period - perhaps a week - for candidates to analyse and negotiate based on these preliminary results. (Actually, the correct strategies for all candidates and the resulting winner will already be obvious. Usually, all candidates except this winner would concede as soon as preliminary results are announced. However, for the occasional candidate inclined to act irrationally in a way that matters - say, by not delegating to an ally, even though the alternative is to see an enemy elected - this interim period would give them a chance to rethink things and come into reason.)</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">B) All candidates, in descending order of the number of total votes they have, choose how to add approvals to the votes delegated to them. To do so, they choose a cutoff candidate, and approve all others whom they had ranked above that cutoff. They may choose the top of their ranking list as the cutoff - that is, not approve any other candidates. They may not approve all other candidates, as that would require choosing a cutoff who was worse than all candidates including themselves. If they declared a tie in their preferences, they must either approve all candidates whom they included in that tie (as well as anyone they ranked above that), or none of them. (Note: Doing this in descending order prevents a weaker candidate from making an ultimatum to a stronger candidate, and thus strengthens the strategic equilibrium of any pairwise champion there is.) These choices are announced publicly as they are made. Delegated approvals which are shared during this process may change the decision order of succeeding candidates.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">When a candidate adds an approval to their delegated votes, their delegated vote total is added to the approval total of the candidate they approved.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">B)i) Write-in candidates could not receive delegated votes, but could be approved at will by official candidates, regardless of declared ranking order.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">C) The number of delegated votes held by each candidate is added to the approval total of everyone they approved.</span></li>
</ul><br><span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><h4 dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">PAL representation</span></h4>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">(forthcoming)</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><h2 dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:24px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">How To Get There</span></h2>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">(rewrite needed)</span><ul><li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Raise consciousness</span></li><ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Make the argument</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Website where people can use good voting methods for their own elections and polls</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Don't get caught in fighting between methods; there are many worthwhile improvements on plurality.</span></li>
</ul><li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Get organized</span></li><ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Get support from a larger organization like Common Cause and/or LWV.</span></li><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Form alliances with partisan groups like Libertarians, Greens, OWS, and Tea Party.</span></li><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Develop a voting-reform-specific mailing list of people who might participate in actions to help raise consciousness, to pressure representatives, or to promote local and state reform initiatives.</span></li>
</ul><li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Take over</span></li><ul><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Local and state citizen initiatives</span></li><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Push legislatures to form nonpartisan citizen commissions to study the issue and make recommendations</span></li><li style="list-style-type:circle;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
<span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Eventually, push for an Article V constitutional amendment convention, called by the states, to implement this on a federal level</span></li>
<ul><li style="list-style-type:square;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Such a convention should also address issues of campaign finance</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:square;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Voting reform does not, in principle, require constitutional change. However, an Article V convention is a way to avoid the dysfunction and status-quo-bias of the US congress.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:square;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The delegates to the convention should be a randomly-selected sample of citizens. This avoids the pathologies of passing the job to professional partisans.</span></li>
<ul><li style="list-style-type:disc;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">In order to prove this concept, activists should fund and organize "deliberative polls" such as the one in California.</span></li>
</ul></ul></ul></ul><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:108pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Note: these strategies owe much to Lawrence Lessig's work on "rootstrikers".</span></p>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">[1] 58% opposed Afghan war in an AP-GfK Poll in August 2010 (before Bin Laden was killed); 59% opposed it in a USA TODAY/Gallup Poll in May 2011 (after his death).</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">[2] 47% felt that free trade agreements hurt the US, and 69% felt that they cost jobs, as opposed to only 23% and 18% who took the opposite position, in a NBC polls in Nov 2008 and Sep 2008 respectively.</span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">[3] 56% of those polled by Bloomberg (Mar 2010) said they would support government action to limit compensation of those who helped cause the financial crisis, or to ban those people from working in the banking industry. <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a4nQoiYaj2ag&pos=1">http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a4nQoiYaj2ag&pos=1</a></span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br><span style="font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">[4] 61% oppose large farm subsidies; this proportion is basically the same across parties. <a href="http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brunitedstatescanadara/602.php">http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brunitedstatescanadara/602.php</a></span></b></ol>
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