<div><span>Happy Holidays, I reply to RBJ, Ted Stern, Dave Ketchum and Kristofer M below. </span></div><span><div><span><br></span></div>
RBJ:the point is, while STV might be the best and simplest method to gain a more proportional representation for multi-winner elections, it still is inferior to a simple Condorcet method (say, minmax margins or ranked-pairs) for single-winner elections. </span><div>
<span><br></span></div><div><font color="#222222" face="arial, sans-serif">dlw: It's a question of |Xirv-Xother| vs |Pirv - Pother|. I maintain that the diffs in the Xs other than FPTP or Top Two Primary are not that great and that most claims that Xother>>Xirv are wrong and lower Pirv without raising Pother. </font></div>
<div><span><br></span></div><div><span>RBJ: and, although i usually don't agree with her[Kathy Dopp], she has a point with souring the public. here, in Burlington, the anti-IRV crowd (which Kathy has identified with, here in the local blogs) has the attitude that while they won this election by a small margin (about 300 outa 6K or 7K), it was a vindication of the commandment from God that thou shalt mark the ballot only once. and with an "X".</span></div>
<div><br></div><div>dlw: Which is compounded by wrong, misleading statements like that of Kathy Dopp's about the significance of the Burlington referendum that rescinded the use of IRV. "<span>Actually, ... </span><span>IRV and STV which will sour the </span><span>public on any notions of changing US electoral systems for decades" </span>Now is as good of a time as any for folks like you who preferred something else over IRV to admit that it probably was wrong to end the use of IRV in Burlington. Otherwise, it's just more anti-IRV spin...</div>
<div><br><span>RBJ: it will take a generation to pass before we'll be able to revisit the question of election reform and then we'll only do it if the Progressive Party survives that period of time. if we devolve back to a 2-party system, i doubt there will be much political incentive to revisit the issue of ranked-choice voting (tabulated by a decent Condorcet-compliant method, i would hope that they wouldn't forget the lesson learned regarding IRV, and do forget the phony-balony arguments from the "Keep Voting Simple" crowd).</span><br>
</div><div><span><br></span></div><div><span>dlw: Why on earth will it take a generation to revisit election reform? That sounds like defeatism. We need to remind folks that democracy is an experiment! Maybe the lesson is that you don't call of experiments after one or two tries... you let experiments run their course before casting judgment and that there's nothing intrinsically wrong if someone decides to vote strategically. It's inevitable to a degree. The same is true in terms of election rules...</span></div>
<div><span><br></span></div><div><span>Let me add RBJ that I really do appreciate your comments in response to Kathy Dodd. I would add that if the GOP/Prog Haters cd go back in time to the '09 election then IRV would have worked better because more of them would have voted strategically for the Dem candidate as their first ranked choice. So I'd say 2009 was a learning election.... and I have no problems whatsoever with some still having to vote strategically. I see this as a consequence of how IRV retains a tendency for there to be 2 major parties. What it does is makes it so those 2 major parties are more dynamically drawn to be centered around the shifting de facto center.</span></div>
<div><span><br></span></div><div><span>I don't think that's dumb. I think it's the art of the possible and why |Xirv-Xoth| << |Pirv-Poth|.</span></div>
<div><span><br></span></div><div><span>Now to Ted Stern: </span></div><div><span>>> dlw: if we push hard for the use of American Proportional Representation</span><br>
<span>>> it'll give third parties a better chance to win seats and they will</span><br><span>>> prove great labs for experimentation with electoral reform.</span><br>
<span>>></span><br><span>>> This is also a good reason to strategically support IRV, since we</span><br><span>>> can trust that with changes, there'll be more scope for</span><br>
<span>>> experimentation and consideration of multiple alternatives to FPTP.</span><br><br><span>TS: This is precisely the kind of game theory that leads to the two party</span><br>
<span>problem with FPTP: we need to coalesce behind the strongest contender</span><br><span>in order to have some kind of voice, be it only a compromise. So no,</span><br>
<span>I don't think it is a good reason.</span></div><div><span><br></span></div><div><span>dlw: The strongest contender should be based on X*P, not X alone for X is somewhat fuzzy and I'd argue that it's plausible that the diffs in the value of many alternatives to FPTP aren't that great. Even if Xoth>Xirv that does not imply that claims that Xoth>>Xirv will raise Poth. It most certainly will lower Pirv. It can hold up reform if the "strongest contender" is not self evident, as I would argue from how this list had to endorse 4 alternatives to FPTP and wave hands over IRV to get a quasi-consensus. The fact of the matter is that it's easy to muddy the waters about any election rule, which is what enables those who benefit from the status quo to divide and conquer us reformers. </span></div>
<div><span><br></span></div><div><span>TS: Yes, precisely. The traditional Robert's Rules method of taking only</span><br><span>a single vote at a time is at fault. It produces a suboptimal result</span><br>
<span>by segmenting the problem too much.</span></div><div><br></div><div>dlw: But there are ways to mitigate this problem. 1. There are factors at work that reduce the proliferation of serious candidates and make it easier for voters to identify who are the serious candidates with little effort. 2. While fewer serious candidates reduce the scope of issues considered, there are non-election ways to advance serious issues, which further makes it less critical to agree on which election rule has the highest X. 3. The continued possibility of spoiling is mitigated by the potential of parties to modify their positions to appease potential spoilers. </div>
<div><br></div><div>All of which is to say that even if Xoth>Xirv that does not mean Xoth-Xirv>>Pirv-Poth. <br><br><span>TS: It is similar to the less optimal result you get from dividing space</span><br>
<span>by partitioning in each dimension separately to get bricks, instead of</span><br><span>hexagons in 2D or truncated octagons in 3D.</span></div><div>
<span><br></span></div><div><span>dlw: yeah, but such rational choice-like models only look at what happens on election day, they abstract from everything else that happens, which is not a trivial assumption in assessing the relative value of election rules. </span></div>
<div><span><br></span></div><div><span>> dlw: It's called marketing. FairVote wisely simplified the benefits</span><br><span>> of IRV. IRV does find majority winners a lot more often than FPTP</span><br>
<span>> and it reduces the spoiler problem considerably. It does save money</span><br><span>> compared with a two round approach and its' "problems" are easy to</span><br>
<span>> fix.</span><br><br><span>TS: That is debatable. I happen to think that the goal/object of IRV is</span><br><span>different from what one wants to achieve in a single winner election.</span></div>
<div><br></div><div>dlw: I don't know which of the above you are saying is debatable.</div><div> It's not perfectionism, but over time it makes for better elections and so the two major parties must follow the de facto center. <br>
<br><span>TS:If you model your government on a natural system (and the US Founders</span><br><span>based their arguments by appealing to "Natural Law"), then you do best</span><br>
<span>when you create a diverse and representational set of options (hence</span><br><span>PR for legislatures) and only then apply selective pressure using a</span><br>
<span>centrist single winner method.</span></div><div><br></div><div>dlw: It's not clear what's "natural". It's natural to want both order and equality, continuity and change... we have freedoms here in the US, but we've also had a melting pot effect in part due to how we've long had a two party dominated system. I don't think having a 2 party dominated system is what's "wrong". I believe that what's wrong is how our system too easily tilts to effective single party rule due to our nearly-exclusive use of FPTP/single-winner elections. If we used a better mix of single and multi-winner elections, it would tend to lead to a system with 2 major parties, an indefinite no. of minor parties contesting the major parties and a large number of LTPs that specialize in contesting "More local" elections and vote strategically together o.w. and come and go as there is a felt need. This wd suffice to make our system more of a melding than a melting pot. </div>
<div><br><span>TS:IRV is not based on centrism. As the single-winner limit of STV, it</span><br><span>is better (not "best") at finding a representative of the majority,</span><br>
<span>not the best representative of the entire population.</span></div><div><br></div><div>dlw: And my arg is that IRV+American forms of PR in "More local" elections -> dynamic centrism. Since I am fine with a 2 party dominated system, the fact that IRV does not end a 2 party dominated system does not disqualify it as a significant improvement over FPTP. <br>
<br><span>TS: As for STV, one can keep patching to deal with its many problems, but</span><br><span>at its core it also make a number of false choices:</span><br>
<br><span> * why can't a voter say that they prefer several candidates equally?</span></div><div><br></div><div><span> * why must choices be ranked?</span></div><div><br></div><div><span> * why do candidates have to be eliminated?</span></div>
<div><br></div><div><span> * why can't lower rankings be considered?</span></div>
<div><br></div><div>dlw: The exigencies of getting electoral reform puts the burden of proof on the advocates for alternative alternatives to the status quo to show why their issues mandate an alternative alternative. Me, I personally don't think it makes a huge diff which sort of PR gets used, it's much more important that we start to use some PR in our system as a whole period. </div>
<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Re to David Ketchum:<br><span>DK: While IRV offers ranked choice voting - a big improvement over FPTP, It fails to have a <i>defendable </i>way to count the votes - and, by that incompleteness, can reject the true choice of a majority of voters - see Burlington as a widely heard example. See Condorcet, a method that is a good reason for dumping IRV - by accepting the same votes as IRV, but then actually reading what the voters vote, Condorcet is a major improvement.</span><br>
<br></div><div>dlw: Did you mean defendable or dependable? I think IRV can be defended as the supremum of X*P of alternatives to FPTP or Top 2 Primary, and is dependable. I myself prefer IRV3/AV3, which uses a limited form of Approval Voting to narrow down the candidates to 3 and then uses IRV. I trust IRV will make the two major parties(whoever they may be) consistently shift to be around the de facto center and be more civil to third party candidates/voters. </div>
<div><br></div><div>DK:<span>Could he be thinking of Condorcet, which tabulates the same ballots intelligently at precinct level?</span></div><br><blockquote class="gmail_quote">
</blockquote>
<div>dlw:No, I was referring to IRV3/AV3. You tally the total number of rankings the candidates get in the first stage and then you sort the votes into one of ten categories based on the 3 finalists who got the most rankings. </div>
<div><br></div><div><span>DK:But when marketers lie and get caught, potential customers get suspicious as to future marketing.</span></div><div><br></div><div>dlw: To simplify is not to lie. <br>
<br></div><div><span>Now to Kristopher M.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style>On 12/14/2011 09:59 PM, David L Wetzell wrote:</span><br style><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style>if we push hard for the use of American Proportional Representation<br>
it'll give third parties a better chance to win seats and they will<br>prove great labs for experimentation with electoral reform.<br></blockquote></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style>KM: You keep on saying that. We can keep stating our priors until the cows come home, but that won't do anything. Instead we should find some information that would resolve the uncertainty.</span></div>
<div><br></div><div>dlw: What uncertainty? These are not simply priors. </div><div>PR does help 3rd parties(we agree right?) and American forms of PR would tend to help LTPs since there'd be fewer seats in plenty of "more local" "super-districts", this tends not to encourage nation-wide 3rd parties. 3rd parties are great places to experiment with electoral reform. This would especially be true with LTPs since any org that is smaller and consequently has less hierarchy is better at innovating. And, when you got a whole lot of 3rd parties, as with LTPs, there's great scope for experimentation. The kicker is to get them to share with others about the experiments so that the results will trickle out and up. </div>
<div><br></div><div><br style><span class="Apple-style-span" style>What kind of information would resolve the difference? What observation would make you think IRV is more likely to pull harder than STV pushes, or that advanced voting methods are so good that IRV is a net loss?</span></div>
<div><br></div><div>dlw: I don't expect LTPs woud resolve "<span class="Apple-style-span" style>IRV is more likely to pull harder than STV pushes". I do expect that the use of 3-5 seat forms of PR in "more local" will give a greater return than IRV or any other single-seat election, due to de facto segregation. </span>I expect a variety of voting methods to be tried out, sometimes multiple at the same time with the results then processed by the LTPs. I also expect we'd find that different election rules are better for different sorts of elections, which is something that'll also emerge from case-studies of experimental results. </div>
<div><br style><span class="Apple-style-span" style>KM: You have suggested using Bayesian regret as a heuristic. I have been away for some time. I haven't replied to your Bayesian regret post, and I will likely be more idle in the future than I am now, as well. But all that said, if you want to use Bayesian regret as a heuristic, how much weight would you put on it? If the improvement of IRV over Plurality is 100%, how much do you need for the advanced methods over IRV? 50%? 100%? 1000%?</span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style>dlw: My heuristic arg is that typically comparisons of election rules have presumed 7 candidates. I argue that 4 candidates is more realistic, since there are limits in the number of serious candidates in single-winner elections. In a 4 candidate election, the select candidates at random rule would do quite a bit better for BR than in a 7 candidate election. And if that rule does better so would all of the other rules between it and the Score Vote/Approval Vote rule. Then, you can also add the effect of hybridization between AV and IRV IRV3/AV3, which is bound to redress some of typical args made against IRV by its electoral analytical critics. Thus, |Xirvav-Xoth| gets lowered and consequently the Ps become more important for deciding what is the right election rule alternative to FPTP to push for right now. </span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style>KM:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style>Only if STV pushes harder than IRV pulls. It doesn't in Australia. You disclaim Australia because you say the data can't be generalized, and you consider repeals of IRV to be merely victories by Plurality advocates won by incomplete or flawed presentation, whereas incomplete presentation in the other direction is simply "marketing" and thus nothing to be concerned about.</span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style>dlw: AU uses IRV in "More local" elections where it is less likely to help due to de facto segregation by characteristics correlated with political preferences. It uses PR in "less local" elections where it is less needed. And so yes, it's not generalizable. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style>I consider IRV to be reliable improvement on FPTP and two-round elections, moreso when coupled with the strategic use of PR that takes the edge off of how IRV does not tend to end effective 2-party domination. </span></div>
<br style><span class="Apple-style-span" style>KM: So, in summary: I don't trust that IRV will give the necessary changes. You do. We can keep on stating our claims backed by those positions, but as long as we disagree on a more fundamental level, those claims won't do anything but highlight our own positions yet again.</span>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style>dlw: I recommend that you not push for the use of IRV in Norway. I also hope that you and others do not stymie the coupling of IRV(hopefully in hybrid form) + Am. Forms of PR that is emerging as what progressives/centrists/activists are going to be rallying around in the US. When smart people like you and others here state unequivocally that Xoth>>Xirv it lowers Pirv without increasing Poth. Ethically, the burden of proof is on those who oppose the working consensus proposal for reform to show that their preferred approach is considerably better. I believe I have been holding to this ethical principle in my emails on this list. </span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style>dlw</span></div>