Here's a compactness measure I haven't seen proposed before:<div><br></div><div>Compose a district boundary out of line segments. The "thickness" of a line segment is the closest distance of any voter to any point on that line segment. Minimize the total of the length of segments divided by their thickness.</div>
<div><br></div><div>It is, of course, not an easy measure to maximize. In particular, small perturbations of boundaries could give big changes, and the measure would go infinite if any boundary crossed over a voter. However, I suspect that "simulated annealing" would do a decent job. But it is easier than travel time to calculate, and more sensitive to population distribution than splitline or purely perimeter-based districting. At any rate, you'd probably have to do it with a contest to find the best answer.</div>
<div><br></div><div>JQ</div><div><br></div>