<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div>On May 7, 2010, at 12:20 AM, Jameson Quinn wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div>Finally, I come to the end of this series. To conclude, let me return to the initial question which started me down this path: what do the values and heuristics have to say about voting system criteria?</div><div><br> </div><div>Utility (that is, outcome social utility) is a unique value in that we have a single clear tool for analysis: Bayesian regret simulations. The only two things we need are a model for voter utilities - which should have only weak, linear effects on the performance of a given system - and a model for voter strategy. I hope that my analysis of strategy helps us get the latter. And meanwhile, I hope that the outstanding issues of strategy, along with the issues of expressivity, legitimacy, and cost, can help the partisans of Bayesian regret analysis (a group in which I weakly include myself) be humble about the results so far.</div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Since the world of measuring personal and group utilities is very complex I find it useful to sometimes simplify things by fist naming the targets and assumptions and then comparing the candidate methods against this simplified model.</div><div><br></div><div>When trying to measure the true utilities one often sets some limiting assumptions like utilities that are normalized to some given range of values. One may also have different targets in different elections. Sometimes one wants to maximize the sum of utilities, sometimes maximize the smallest personal utility. One could also have some more sophisticated functions that e.g. try to lift the utility of 90% of the voters/citizens to some agreed/ideal level.</div><div><br></div><div>Models that are based on rankings are simplified and practical models of the world. It is interesting that often such models are considered to be ideal. I mean that for example the majority principle is taken as granted although it can be seen to violate some underlying utility principles (the minority might have stronger opinions). But models agreed by the society and well working models (that can e.g. handle strategic temptations) have a value of their own and therefore may be adopted as "values".</div><br><blockquote type="cite"></blockquote><div>For these reasons (complexity and debatability of the true utilities, different needs in different elections, assumptions on the society (competitiveness, morale, traditions), influence of models that we have created ourselves, need to meet also some (irrational) marketability ad perception related needs) it may often be enough to just state the targets and assumptions (the model to be used) and then try to implement that using some concrete method. The value of the model (targets, assumptions) and the properties of the method (that tries to implement the targets) can then be discussed separately.</div><div><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><div><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><br></font></div><div>The criteria that relate to expressivity are mainly participation, consistency, and related criteria. There is a certain fundamental tension between expressive freedom and outcome utility in a decisive system. Ballots which give a large degree of decisive freedom to voters inevitably involve strategic tradeoffs between utility and expressivity. Perhaps one way to resolve this is to make a hybrid system, which is part election and part nonbinding poll. The election part would strictly limit voter freedom in order to eliminate strategic concerns; two-rank Bucklin is one possible example of the limited freedom I'm imagining. And the poll part - probably based on Range, for maximum freedom - would allow free expressiveness; while it wouldn't be binding, to keep stratgic concerns from taking over, it would certainly affect a candidate's mandate. The poll would be optional; a simple Bucklin vote would be counted with some default assumptions about what that means in Range terms. Maybe you could even give marginal impact to the poll without making it too strategic. For instance, if you were building a polity from scratch, the rule could be that a Bucklin winner is elected, and if they're also a Range winner they get an extra year on their term; or that the Range winner gets to appoint the attorney general; or some such marginal importance for the poll.</div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Note that in competitive environments also pure polls may get strategic. If we have first a poll and then an Approval election it might make sense to give strategic answers in the poll to make my Approval favourite look stronger than some other candidate in order to make the supporters of that other candidate approve also my favourite (since the strategic advice in Approval will be to approve at least one of the leading candidates). Also in other elections people tend to vote for strong candidates / potential winners.</div><br><blockquote type="cite"> <div><br></div><div>The criteria that relate to legitimacy are participation; consistency; and clone-, strategy-, and fraud- resistance criteria.</div><div><br></div><div>The main criterion that relates to cost is one-round decisiveness.</div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>(Maybe also time and effort to count and verify the results, and need to buy voting machines, and maybe also need to debate about the results after the elections.)</div><div><br></div><div>Juho</div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type="cite"> <div><br></div><div>The heuristics relate to various criteria, but in another sense they function as vague criteria themselves.</div><div><br></div><div>I'll repeat my conclusion to the long section on strategy here, too. Strategy's biggest effects are not on outcome social utility, but on legitimacy and expressivity. I believe that these effects are serious and worth avoiding. Cabal strategy seems to me the best model for strategy analysis, but if it isn't going to get hung up on all Condorcet ties being strategic, it needs to include factors which affect the likeliness of strategy actually being used. These factors include motivation, implied dishonesty, and necessary participation.</div> <div><br></div><div>Finally, for those who have read through this nearly endless treatise, thank you for your patience. I hope that I've said enough to make it worthwhile. I also hope that I start more than one productive discussion - productive enough to change my mind about some aspects of what I said. My ultimate hope is that this kind of discussion will help us have the perspective to recognize, to design, to evaluate, and finally to begin to agree on the best possible voting systems. The more big-picture perspective we have and share, the more we will become an activist force with which nations must reckon.</div> ----<br>Election-Methods mailing list - see <a href="http://electorama.com/em">http://electorama.com/em</a> for list info<br></blockquote></div><br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></body></html>