One issue with PR-STV is that there is no clear way to handle byelection.<br><br>In a 5 seat constituency, a party with 17% of the vote is entitled to a seat. However, if that person was to die or resign the seat, then the party is not likely to win the byelection, as the larger parties have a big advantage.<br>
<br>One option is just to have a custom that byelections are not contested. However, that removes from the public the ability to express their opinion in byelection.<br><br>The issue with holding a full new PR-STV election is that sitting
legislators might end up losing their seats. This seems unfair (and
certainly would seem unfair to legislators).<br><br>The solution in Australia is the count back procedure. This requires storing the ballots for all constituencies. The ballots are recounted as if there was a new election. However, the person who resigned is eliminated and all sitting legislators are protected from elimination. The final seat is then filled proportionally.<br>
<br>In Ireland, the seats are filled via PR-STV with one seat, so effectively it is IRV. I think that if 2 TDs from the same constituency were to vacate their seats near each other then a 2 seat election would be held.<br>
<br>Also, there is a philosophical argument. The effect of the count back procedure is that people who have died/left the constituency since the last election get their vote counted, while new adults/people who have move into the constituency don't get their counted.<br>
<br>OTOH, a byelection (in general) gives 1 constituency a chance to bargain with the government. If the government has a weak majority, they may (unfairly) be able to get concessions. Also, everyone is in the same situation, each constituency is represented base on the most recent election.<br>
<br>Anyway, assume the goals are that a new election is held, but that sitting legislators are guaranteed a seat.<br><br>If they are directly protected from elimination, then there is no point in their supporters voting for them, so a complete guarantee wouldn't work. Voters would just vote for non-sitting candidates and it is back to IRV.<br>
<br>They could be given some partial protection against elimination. For example, they could be to give them a boost in votes when considering elimination.<br><br>Each sitting candidate's vote total could be considered to be (Votes+Quota)/2, when deciding who to eliminate. This should mean that they can easily defeat members of their own party who aren't sitting candidates (which tends to be where the main competition comes from anyway).<br>
<br>However, if nobody votes for a sitting candidate, then that candidate will lose. Thus, their supporters would have an incentive to vote for their favourite candidate, even if he had a seat.<br><br>Also, since elimination order doesn't affect proportionality, it would still be proportional.<br>
<br>Another option would be to have a rule that no more than 1 sitting candidate can be eliminated. Once a sitting candidate is eliminated, then the others are protected from elimination. That could possibly lead to tactical voting, but is probably more trouble than it is worth (and it is unlikely that any candidate would be willing to be "sacrificed").<br>