<div dir="ltr"><div>Let's hypothesize about the impact various methods would have on society.</div>
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<div>FPTP: If you live in the U.S., you see it every day. Two party domination is fairly complete. Although this could be written off to the fact that America started with a two-party system and that opposition is gerrymandered out of existence. There are also annoying ballot access laws and sore loser laws and whatnot that contribute to this. It isn't just our horrible voting system. Anyway, main impact of this: two strong parties, a polarized electorate and parties that only campaign in certain, rare competitive regions.</div>
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<div>IRV/STV: Two party domination too. It doesn't appear quite as bad because parties in Australia at least appeaer to cooperate with each other through vote swapping agreements. Full preferences and later-no-harm allow voters to express these opinions without penalty, although their value is dubious.</div>
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<div>Borda: Used in Kiribati, Nauru, and Slovenia at one point in history. (Slovenia still uses it for their 2 minority members.) I couldn't get a hold of anything for Slovenia's contests (oh well), but Social Choice in the South Seas <a href="http://rangevoting.org/ReillySCSS.pdf">http://rangevoting.org/ReillySCSS.pdf</a> explains the impact fairly well in Kiribati. The most popular candidates were eliminated by political maneuvering and inhabitants were annoyed (the country backslid to FPTP). It is naive to think it will encourage candidates to cooperate at all, collude yes, cooperate no. It will lead to one party domination probably as rich parties use their "momentum" to crush any second parties.</div>
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<div>Condorcet: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulze_method#Use_of_the_Schulze_method">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulze_method#Use_of_the_Schulze_method</a> These people use Schulze... but I'm not certain how it has impacted them. Even though they don't satisfy later-no-harm, it seems pretty clear that Schulze would encourage candidates to cooperate. You have to give your second choice vote to someone, and it isn't likely to cause you lose if you give it to a particular candidate (unlike Borda), so Condorcet politics would probably form broad coalitions of parties that cooperate on various things.</div>
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<div>Range: It is a positional method, but candidates can both benefit if they support each other. E.g. if A and B agree to vote each other fairly highly and attack C, both A and B benefit. I regard it as less likely to foster as much competition as Condorcet, but it probably would have more overlapping campaigning. With multiple parties, each could gain something from campaigning in exactly the same area.</div>
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<div>Approval: similar to Range, but less dramatic.</div>
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<div>Bucklin: It's been done. Bullet voting galore. Massive backsliding. Voters giving a second preference shot themselves in the foot.</div>
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<div>Contingent Vote: It's been done in Sri Lanka and London Mayoral elections. I'm not quite sure what the impact is, but I don't anticipate much difference from FPTP. People probably won't waste their precious vote if they use a truncated version of contingent vote. If the full version is used, I anticipate better results, similar to TRS. It probably will encourage cooperation, later-no-harm and all.</div>
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<div>TRS: Doesn't lead to two party politics. It can produce very weird behavior like Chirac vs Le Pen instead of Chirac vs Jospin. If you check the Range Voting archive of weird behavior, TRS indeed has its problems. However, it doesn't discourage the growth of new parties and the Range voting website does claim that it does produce some positive effects in media coverage relative to IRV. TRS obeys later-no-harm, so it will probably encourage cooperation. Candidates will ally the top two finalists and campaign for them, probably.</div>
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