On Dec 21, 2007 8:10 PM, Abd ul-Rahman Lomax <<a href="mailto:abd@lomaxdesign.com">abd@lomaxdesign.com</a>> wrote:<br><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
<div class="Ih2E3d">At 01:59 PM 12/20/2007, rob brown wrote:<br>>My understanding has been that in a simple two candidate election,<br>>there isn't any need for alternative election methods, and all the<br>>issues that condorcet/approval/range etc attempt to solve simply
<br>>disappear. A plain old majority vote is "perfect", as long as there<br>>really are only two candidates. There is no conflict between strategy<br>>vs. sincerity, and there is a single Nash equilibrium -- which is
<br>>simply that everyone picks the candidate they prefer.<br><br></div>Yes. If there are really only two candidates, and a majority of<br>voters prefer to elect one of them than to have the election fail.<br>Basically, the two candidates, properly, are Yes and No to a motion.
<br><br>If the two candidates are Ralph and Susan, we start to run into<br>problems..... because there is generally a third choice, if we care<br>about majority rule: none of the above. In majority elections, with<br>proper rules -- such as Robert's Rules, standard, if a voter casts a
<br>blank ballot, it counts in the denominator of the majority fraction.<br>It's a valid vote in that sense. (Robert's Rules of Order Newly<br>Revised, p.402, "illegal votes.")<br><br>>Is this controversial?
<br><br>Yes, actually. It's quite easy to construct scenarios for small group<br>decisions where it it blatantly obvious that the majority preference<br>is the wrong choice, and, in fact, all voters will agree.<br></blockquote>
<div><br>Your example is for more than two candidates. I am not questioning that when there are more than two candidates, it is a different situation. But there are plenty of possibilities for there to be an election where there really are only two candidates, and that is what my question was about. While I appreciate that most elections....at least political elections....may have more than two potential candidates, I was trying to restrict it to a simpler case.
<br><br>Say your pizza voters are going to watch a DVD, and the only choices are the two movies from Netflix that are in the mailbox. It's really just two candidates sometimes.<br> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
There is a confusion between the majority criterion and majority<br>rule. The majority may decide, by majority vote -- which in its<br>purest form must be on a Yes/No motion -- to choose other than the<br>first preference of the majority, and small groups *often* do this.
<br>They do it, in particular, where there is a strong preference of a<br>minority vs a weak preference of a majority.<br><br>I call my standard example the "pizza election." Three friends want<br>to choose a pizza. They are voting methods enthusiasts, and they have
<br>noticed that a Range ballot can be used as input for Condorcet<br>methods and for Range voting. (The Condorcet method must allow equal<br>ranking, which causes no problems).<br><br>The candidates are, in this order, Pepperoni, Mushroom, Anchovy.
<br><br>The votes are:<br>100, 90, 0<br>100, 90, 0<br>0, 100, 50<br><br>The Condorcet winner is Pepperoni, and this is the first choice of a<br>2/3 majority. However, Mushroom is the Range winner. Critics of Range<br>assert this -- without giving a concrete example -- as a flaw in Range.
<br><br>However, let me put it this way. If this group chooses Pepperoni, it<br>is quite probably going to have one less member.</blockquote><div><br>Of course in a small group there are much different dynamics. Reciprocity comes into play. People tend to be a lot more altrusitic towards their friends or people they are close to. I think these issues are quite a bit different in larger elections.
<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">In the implementation of Range that I prefer (and it's the same with<br>Approval, but there it requires some first preference marker), I
<br>would analyze ballots for a Condorcet winner, and if there is<br>conflict between the Condorcet winner and the Range winner, I'd hold<br>an actual runoff. This makes the method Condorcet compliant, yet such<br>runoffs would, in actual practice, be quite rare. My opinion is that
<br>the Range winner would usually win the runoff, if the votes were<br>accurate in the first election, due to preferential turnout. If,<br>however, there was a lot of exaggerated voting, it's possible that<br>the votes concealed the true preference strengths and that the
<br>Condorcet winner would prevail.<br><br>Small possible cost, but it totally answers the alleged majority<br>criterion violation of Approval and Range.<br><div class="Ih2E3d"><br>> For instance, could a two candidate election
<br>>be improved by, say, collecting information about how *much* each<br>>voter likes or dislikes the candidates in question?<br><br></div>Yes, absolutely, and it happens routinely in deliberative bodies.<br>This is why the procedure is not Motion, Second, Vote! Part of the
<br>discussion reveals preference strengths, and members change their<br>votes in accordance with that.<br><div class="Ih2E3d"></div></blockquote><div><br>Hmm, ok, well, is that really an election or more of a "lets all talk about this and agree to something"? It seems like all these situations are much more social, non-contentious places which are borderline for even having a vote.
<br><br>I see what you're getting at, but I just don't think the situations scale to larger numbers of people.<br> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
<div class="Ih2E3d">> Assuming at least<br>>some honest voters, this approach might be able to improve the<br>>"maximum net tangible utility" ("tangible" meaning we are only<br>>counting the happiness with the results themselves, and ignoring such
<br>>less-measurable utility such as "feeling of fairness" or "elimination<br>>of resentment" or "long term satisfaction with the election process<br>>itself").<br><br></div>Yes, it can. And it does. However, the situation where the majority
<br>preference is not also a Range winner is unusual. It's just that when<br>it happens, it can bite some people deeply.<br><br>If, when the discrepancy arises, the majority has the option of<br>refusing to accept loss of its first preference, it can do so. There
<br>is no fairness problem.<br><br>It is arguable, though, that there is nothing unfair about simply<br>awarding the choice to the Range or Approval winner. In the case of<br>Approval, the majority has given an explicit consent to this! But I
<br>prefer that the consent be to the actual result.<br></blockquote><div><br>I don't know, I think its a stretch to say that Approval gives majority consensus. To me giving "approval" is simply "picking candidates that are better than the other options". I guess some people interpret "approval" more literally than me.
<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">Sometimes an assumption is made that "extreme" votes must be<br>insincere or fanatical. While that is possible, Range and Approval
<br>never reward *truly* insincere votes; my contention is that if<br>someone votes the extremes, they have a reason for it. Critics of<br>Range will posit a "sincere" rating of 100 and 90 for two candidates,<br>
but the voter "strategically" votes 100, 0. </blockquote><div><br>Are those the only two candidates? If not, ok. If so, I don't understand what the numbers are relative to. All the people that might have run but didn't?
<br><br>To me it only makes sense to scale the values so the least favorite choice is 0 and favorite is 100.<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
It's preposterous,<br>really. Why does the voter do this? Because the voter cares that<br>their favorite win. How much do they care? Enough to abstain from all<br>other pairwise elections (since it makes no sense to rate a candidate
<br>zero and then rate a less-preferred candidate above zero. This is an<br>abstention from every pairwise contest that does not involve the<br>favorite.) That's enough to make it a sincere vote!<br></blockquote><div>
<br>Hmmm. Not sure where yo are going with this. Maybe I'm confused because the title of the thread is "simple two candidate election", and it appears we aren't talking about such a thing.<br> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Now, if the majority has only a weak preference for its favorite, why<br>should the majority feel that something is unfair about another<br>candidate, more strongly preferred by others, winning? If it bothers<br>them, why didn't they vote against that outcome? Again, there is a
<br>contradiction.<br></blockquote><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">This contradiction exists so easily because we have for centuries
<br>thought only about rank, we have neglected preference strength in<br>voting methods.<br><br>With ranked ballots, we are quite rightly offended if a candidate<br>wins who was not the preference of a majority, </blockquote>
<div><br>Not me. I don't even know what "the preference" means when there is a ranked ballot. I think the only place "majority" is important is when there are two options. That's one of the reasons I brought up the "voting for a number" scenario, because it hilights the absurdity of being concerned about majority. Negotiation and compromise is expected, in my opinion.
<br><br>-rob<br></div></div>