<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV><DIV>On Nov 20, 2007, at 2:30 , Diego Santos wrote:</DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite">2007/11/19, Kevin Venzke <<A href="mailto:stepjak@yahoo.fr">stepjak@yahoo.fr</A>>:<DIV><SPAN class="gmail_quote"></SPAN><BLOCKQUOTE class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"> <BR>I don't remember that it is possible for surplus transfers to go to<BR>different parties. </BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR>According Brazilian law, parties of same coalition are counted as a single party. After elections, is not rare these parties to separate to opposite political sides. <BR></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>This problem exists in the Finnish system too. The system slightly favours large parties. Especially in the smallest districts the only way for small parties to get seats is to form coalitions. The election method allows coalitions and sees these coalitions as single parties. The allocation of the seats within the coalition is based on which individuals get the highest number of votes. This breaks the proportionality by allocating the seats in a rather random fashion. Small parties try to guarantee the seat(s) to themselves by naming only a small number of candidates (e.g. 1) and thereby focusing all their votes to this individual.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>One solution to solve this problem would be simply to count the votes hierarchically per party also within the coalition. The seats would thus be given proportionally to different parties within the coalition. This could work slightly against the smallest parties since if the coalition would get one seat it would more typically go to the largest member of the coalition.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>In order to increase the level of proportionality from this the number of seats per party could be counted proportionally based on the votes that the party gets within the whole country. Seat allocation within the districts would be counted only after this. This kind of methods would lead to some "rounding errors" at the district level seat allocation. But it seems that people often (typically?) value absolute proportionality between parties highly. It is thus possible to guarantee very exact country wide proportionality between parties and between districts, and push the "rounding errors" to district level seat allocations. (I'll skip the algorithms here.)</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>One more rather simple technique to solve this problem is simply to ban the coalitions (this is under discussion in Finland). This change could be accompanied by increasing the size of the (smallest) districts in order to keep also the current smallest parties alive in those areas.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Juho</DIV></DIV><BR><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV></BODY></HTML>