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Pirates should, after some repetitive election,
<br>see the wisdom of defining a mandate length <u>before</u>
<br>knowing who wins...
<p>Criterias and electoral methods hare not meant to
<br>cope for a fractionated electorate. An electoral system
<br>goal is to get the electorate will, whatever it is. Stability
<br>is a further issue that should be dealt with separately,
<br>either before by consensual agreement (over a mandate
<br>length for example) or after with a winner's bonus when
<br>comes time to take decisions in exchange for other
<br>advantages to losers (as a reduction of the mandate length
<br>for example: this is the "crutch option" proposed within SPPA).
<p>Steph.
<p>James Green-Armytage a écrit :
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>>
<br>Hi Juho,
<br> My critique of your pro-minimax(margins)
argument follows...
<p>>I tend to see margins as "natural" and winning votes as something that
<br>>deviates from the more natural margins but that might be used somewhere
<br>>to eliminate strategic voting. (not a very scientific description
but I
<br>>don't have any better short explanation available :-) )
<p> No, that's more or less how
I think of it. However, when you say that wv
<br>might be needed "somewhere" to reduce (not eliminate) strategic voting,
I
<br>suggest that most public elections will fall within the region of
<br>"somewhere". (Please see my 3/14 post.)
<br>>
<br>copying your pirate example for reference:
<br>101: a>b>x>c
<br>101: b>c>x>a
<br>101: c>a>x>b
<br>100: x
<br>...
<br>>
<br>>I meant that when X was the captain people wanted to change him to
A, B
<br>>or C with a small margin of votes. But later when e.g. C became the
<br>>captain people wanted to change him to B with a large margin. Only
a
<br>>minority wanted to change C to X.
<p> I'm with you this far.
<p>>But the point is that people
<br>>(majority of them) are now "less happy"
<p> ...you don't know how happy
they are with any of these candidates...
<p>>or "more mutinous" because of
<br>>the problematic B>C relationship.
<p> Okay, let's get to the bottom
of this.
<br> No matter who wins, 202
pirates would rather have some other candidate in
<br>particular. If X wins, this still holds, but 201 pirates strictly
<br>disagree. In the other cases, e.g. A wins, 202 pirates would rather
have
<br>C, and only 101 pirates strictly disagree (the remaining 100 are
<br>indifferent).
<br> Your logic is as follows:
If X wins, and a group of 202 pirates who
<br>preferred another candidate rather than X wanted to mutiny, there would
be
<br>201 pirates ready to stand in their way, serving as an effective
<br>deterrent. However, if A wins, and the 202 C>A pirates (101: B>C>X>A,
101:
<br>C>A>X>B) mutiny in favor of C, there won't be sufficiently many pirates
to
<br>fight to defend A.
<br> Here's what I'd like you
to consider: Let's say that A is the initial
<br>winner, these 202 C>A pirates declare mutiny, and the 100 X pirates
stay
<br>neutral. There may or may not be a scuffle, but anyway the 101 A>B>X>C
<br>pirates back down. Okay fine; C is the captain. But now the B>C pirates
<br>will be emboldened to mutiny against C. The process repeats, and B
is the
<br>captain. Now it will be the A>B pirates' turn, and A will be captain
once
<br>more. This idiotic process could go on indefinitely, so that the captain
<br>might shift several times in the duration of any given voyage, causing
<br>general irritation. Or, it could result in serious violence, and there
is
<br>no guarantee that C will be on top when the dust settles.
<br> I suggest to you that this
is a relatively intelligent bunch of pirates.
<br>(This is evidenced by the fact they are using Condorcet's method to
make
<br>decisions.) If so, I suggest that the 202 C>A pirates will see the
<br>risk/futility of their mutiny ahead of time. (I'm assuming that all
the
<br>pirates know each other's expressed ranked preferences, as would be
the
<br>case in any real public election.) Sure, they could oust A in favor
of C
<br>by force if the X voters sat on their hands. Maybe they could even
kill
<br>candidate A, so as to finalize his defeat. But if they did that, a
pro-B
<br>mutiny would be likely to follow, and perhaps this new coalition would
<br>murder candidate C, for good measure. Half of the C>A voters (101:
<br>B>C>X>A) would be all the more delighted with this second mutiny, but
the
<br>other half (101: C>A>X>B) would rather have A than B, and they would
mourn
<br>for C's death.
<br> So I ask you, would the
B>C>X>A voters participate in the first mutiny
<br>against A? I suggest that they would not, because they would realize
that
<br>a victory for C so reached would be unlikely to last. In
short, you
<br>neglected to assign foresight to your imaginary pirates, and foresight
<br>would prevent a mutiny against a Smith set member. Would foresight
prevent
<br>a mutiny against a non-Smith member, in favor of a Smith member? Not
<br>necessarily! Example:
<p> Preferences:
<br>35: R>S>T>Z
<br>33: S>T>R>Z
<br>32: T>R>S>Z
<br>71: Z>R=S=T
<br> Pairwise comparisons:
<br>R>S 67-33
<br>S>T 68-32
<br>T>R 65-35
<br>R>Z 100-71
<br>S>Z 100-71
<br>T>Z 100-71
<p> Candidate Z is the minimax(margins)
winner. However, he is in no wise the
<br>most mutiny-proof candidate. If Z is the initial winner, then all 100
of
<br>the R/S/T faction will have a common cause in ousting him. Perhaps
if they
<br>change the winner to R, there could conceivably be further mutiny,
but no
<br>matter what, such further mutiny will not lead to another result that
the
<br>R/S/T pirates like less than Z. (Hence they can happily mutiny against
Z
<br>without worrying that it will hurt them in the long run.) More likely,
<br>however, there will be no further mutiny. The R/S/T faction would do
well
<br>to first choose whom they prefer among themselves (let's say that they
<br>settle on R), and to then march over to the Z faction and announce
the
<br>change of leadership. The odds are running heavily in favor of the
R/S/T
<br>faction if a fight breaks out.
<br> Again, once Captain R (as
in "ARRR!") takes over, any potential mutiny
<br>coalition has to face the prospect of subsequent mutinies that cause
a
<br>result that they like less than Captain R. So I argue that Captain
R would
<br>suffer less risk of mutiny than Captain Z.
<br> I hope that I have disrupted
your assumptions concerning the "risk of
<br>mutiny" concept.
<br>>
<br>>I think all the majorities are unambiguous (because that is what the
<br>>voters told us). A>X could be called "loopless", if we want to describe
<br>>how it is different from the others. Both electing X and electing
A
<br>>violate a majority opinion. One can avoid violating A>X by not electing
<br>>X (= select one of the Smith candidates). But one can also avoid
<br>>violating e.g. A>B by not electing B. All of the individual preferences
<br>>are thus avoidable. And all the Smith loop violations can be avoided
by
<br>>electing X.
<p> If there is a majority rule
cycle, then one cannot avoid ignoring at
<br>least one majority preference. However, one can always avoid ignoring
a
<br>majority preference that is not contradicted by another majority
<br>preference (via a cycle).
<p>>> In your pirate example, there are no compromise
<br>>> candidates; the pirate electorate is very badly polarized.
<br>>I agree. The basic setting is four parties of about equal size. I
think
<br>>this situation is quite normal.
<p> Four parties of equal size.
Okay, that's not very common, but there's no
<br>particular reason why it couldn't happen. What I'm calling your attention
<br>to is not the relative size of the parties, but the intensity of the
<br>polarization between them. We have intense political polarization in
<br>countries that have voting systems that encourage polarization. In
<br>Condorcet systems, we should not assume that this polarization will
<br>remain; rather, it seems logical that compromise candidates will emerge,
<br>which they haven't done in your example.
<br>>
<br>>I claim that
<br>>"mutiny" is one well defined criterion that is useful is some
<br>>situations and directly points out the correct voting method (MinMax
<br>>with margins).
<p> Please read and consider
my recent post about strategic vulnerability in
<br>"margins" methods before you state so unequivocally that it is "the
<br>correct voting method". Actually, even then you might want to be careful
<br>about calling anything "the correct voting method" without some sort
of
<br>qualification.
<br>>
<br>>Mutiny of everyone against one is one candidate for another real life
<br>>criterion. I think mutiny to replace one with one is however the most
<br>>useful and typical case (both in the ship and in politics). This
<br>>"mutiny for anyone else" would also give support to sticking to the
<br>>Smith set when electing the winner.
<p> If your second criterion
is to select the candidate who is not the first
<br>choice of the fewest voters, this is equivalent to selecting the candidate
<br>with the most first choice votes, a.k.a. plurality.
<p>>That is not allowed :-). We had an election with four candidates. And
<br>>elections are not supposed to cause countries to break into separate
<br>>smaller countries. The best single winner election method must be
<br>>capable of electing one (the best) of these candidates.
<p> Sure, but if all of the candidates
are highly divisive (as they are in
<br>your example), you can't blame the method for choosing a divisive
<br>candidate. Based on the information available, A, B, and C are equally
<br>good choices, which is to say that they are equally bad choices. X
is a
<br>slightly worse choice, because choosing X unnecessarily violates majority
<br>rule.
<p>all my best,
<br>James
<br><a href="http://fc.antioch.edu/~james_green-armytage/voting.htm">http://fc.antioch.edu/~james_green-armytage/voting.htm</a>
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